{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T09:40:43Z","timestamp":1698831643366},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,15]],"date-time":"2012-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1339718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Experimental Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The risks for infants and young children receiving inhaled corticosteroid (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICS<\/jats:styled-content>) therapy are largely unknown. Recent clinical studies indicate that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICS<\/jats:styled-content> therapy in pre\u2010school children with symptoms of asthma result in decreased symptoms without influencing the clinical disease course, but potentially affect postnatal growth and development. The current study employs a primate experimental model to identify the risks posed by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICS<\/jats:styled-content> therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To (1) establish whether <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICS<\/jats:styled-content> therapy in developing primate lungs reverses pulmonary pathobiology associated with allergic airway disease (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AAD<\/jats:styled-content>) and (2) define the impact of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICS<\/jats:styled-content> on postnatal lung growth and development in primates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Infant rhesus monkeys were exposed, from 1 through 6\u00a0months, to filtered air (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FA<\/jats:styled-content>) with house dust mite allergen and ozone using a protocol that produces <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AAD<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AAD<\/jats:styled-content> monkeys), or to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FA<\/jats:styled-content> alone (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>ontrol monkeys). From three through 6\u00a0months, the monkeys were treated daily with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICS<\/jats:styled-content> (budesonide) or saline.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Several <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AAD<\/jats:styled-content> manifestations (airflow restrictions, lavage eosinophilia, basement membrane zone thickening, epithelial mucin composition) were reduced with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICS<\/jats:styled-content> treatment, without adverse effects on body growth or adrenal function; however, airway branching abnormalities and intraepithelial innervation were not reduced. In addition, several indicators of postnatal lung growth and differentiation: vital capacity, inspiratory capacity, compliance, non\u2010parenchymal lung volume and alveolarization, were increased in both <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AAD<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>ontrol monkeys that received <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICS<\/jats:styled-content> treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Incomplete prevention of pathobiological changes in the airways and disruption of postnatal growth and differentiation of airways and lung parenchyma in response to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICS<\/jats:styled-content> pose risks for developing primate lungs. These responses also represent two mechanisms that could compromise <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICS<\/jats:styled-content> therapy's ability to alter clinical disease course in young children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2012.04005.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,3]],"date-time":"2012-04-03T14:34:46Z","timestamp":1333463686000},"page":"1104-1118","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Lung effects of inhaled corticosteroids in a rhesus monkey model of childhood asthma"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"C. G.","family":"Plopper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"California National Primate Research Center University of California  Davis CA USA"},{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine University of California  Davis CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. 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