{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T15:35:45Z","timestamp":1758814545811},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,21]],"date-time":"2012-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1348185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Experimental Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>During infancy, a disturbed cytokine balance leads to an atopic immune response. Many risk factors have been associated with the development of atopy. These include parental smoking, elevated cord blood IgE, early exposure to pets and family history of atopy, but the knowledge of their impact on cytokine balance is limited.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess the cytokines induced by mitogen in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBMC<\/jats:styled-content>) of infants at 3\u00a0months and 12\u00a0months of age and their potential association with fatty acid (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FA<\/jats:styled-content>) intervention, parental atopy, atopic dermatitis and parental smoking.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Infants from an intervention study using black currant seed oil (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BCSO<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:italic> n\u00a0=<\/jats:italic>\u00a034) or placebo (<jats:italic>n\u00a0=<\/jats:italic>\u00a034) were included. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBMC<\/jats:styled-content> samples were taken at the age of 3 and 12\u00a0months. Signs of atopic dermatitis and parental smoking were registered. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBMC<\/jats:styled-content> were isolated from heparinized blood samples, stimulated with ConcanavalinA mitogen and the cytokine responses were detected at 72\u00a0h of stimulation by Luminex technology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children of smoking parents had elevated levels of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104 (<jats:italic>P\u00a0=<\/jats:italic>\u00a00.0004), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20105 (<jats:italic>P\u00a0=<\/jats:italic>\u00a00.0002), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b3 (<jats:italic>P\u00a0=<\/jats:italic>\u00a00.039) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>P\u00a0=<\/jats:italic>\u00a00.0003) at 12\u00a0months of age. Children who had atopic dermatitis by the age of 3\u00a0months showed elevated levels of IL\u20105 at 3\u00a0months (<jats:italic>P\u00a0=<\/jats:italic>\u00a00.0027) and 12\u00a0months of age (<jats:italic>P\u00a0=<\/jats:italic>\u00a00.022). The production of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content> at the age of 3\u00a0months was higher (<jats:italic>P\u00a0=<\/jats:italic>\u00a00.010) and the production of IL\u201012 at the age of 12\u00a0months was lower (<jats:italic>P\u00a0=<\/jats:italic>\u00a00.025) in infants whose parents were atopic. BCSO intervention did not have any effect on any cytokine production or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> expression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children of smoking parents had highly significantly elevated levels of Th2\u2010type cytokines <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20105 and pro\u2010inflammatory cytokine <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>. The detrimental effects of parental smoking on the child's immune function should lead us to pay more attention to supporting parents to stop smoking.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2012.04066.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,13]],"date-time":"2012-07-13T09:02:24Z","timestamp":1342170144000},"page":"1472-1478","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Pro\u2010inflammatory and Th2\u2010type cytokine responses in <scp>PBMC<\/scp> in infants are associated with parental smoking"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"P.","family":"Linnamaa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Turku University Hospital University of Turku Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Nieminen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Clinical Allergology Turku University Hospital University of Turku Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Koulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Turku University Hospital University of Turku Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Tuomasjukka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry University of Turku Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Kallio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry University of Turku Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry University of Turku Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Tahvonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry University of Turku Turku Finland"},{"name":"MTT Agrifood Research Finland Jokioinen Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Savolainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Clinical Allergology Turku University Hospital University of Turku Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)07302-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4730","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.10.4730","article-title":"Transplacental priming of the human immune system to environmental allergens: universal skewing of initial T cell responses toward the Th2 cytokine profile","volume":"160","author":"Prescott SL","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)05104-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.183.4.1297"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2001.01176.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2009.00890.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2795"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/42.3.166"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2007.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1398-9995.1999.00753.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1398-9995.2003.00290.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.1.176s"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1398-9995.2001.00965.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.1.361s"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN2001455"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.12.1139"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2010.03540.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04259-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","first-page":"42","article-title":"Diagnostic features of atopic dermatitis","volume":"92","author":"Hanifin J","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000247298"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2004.00622.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","first-page":"48","article-title":"Allergen sandardization and skin tests. 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