{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T19:33:57Z","timestamp":1787686437351,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,23]],"date-time":"2004-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1090540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The aim of this study was to assess the synovial fluid (SF) neurotransmitter excitatory amino acid (EAA) levels, including glutamate (Glu) and aspartate (Asp), in the context of SF levels of other amino acids, TNF-\u03b1 and chemokines from patients with active arthropathies. The SF was collected from patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA), gout, or osteoarthritis (OA). The SF samples were analysed for levels of neurotransmitters glutamate and aspartate, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1), Regulated upon Activation Normally T-cell Expressed and Secreted (RANTES), macrophage inhibitory factor-1 alpha (MIP-1\u03b1) and interleukin 8 (IL-8). SF WBC counts were also determined. Correlations between SF EAA, TNF-\u03b1 and chemokines were determined by the Pearson product-moment correlation. Primary cultures derived from SF from active RA and gout patients were incubated with added l-glutamate, to assess if exposure to Glu could increase TNF-\u03b1 levels. There were significant elevations in SF EAA, SF TNF-\u03b1 and SF RANTES in RA patients compared to gout or OA patients. Significant correlations between SF EAA and SF RANTES, MIP-1\u03b1 and IL-8 levels were seen, and SF EAA and SF TNF-\u03b1 or SF WBC levels approached significance. Addition of exogenous neurotransmitter glutamate significantly increased TNF-\u03b1 levels in primary cell cultures derived from RA and gout patients. The SF neurotransmitter EAA levels significantly correlated to selected SF chemokine levels, in clinically active RA, gout and OA patients, independent of disease. Added Glu resulted in significantly increased TNF-\u03b1 levels in primary synovial cell cultures. These data expand the relationship of SF neurotransmitter EAA levels to SF cytokines and chemokines in patients with clinically active arthritis, and suggest that neurotransmitters Glu and Asp contribute to peripheral inflammatory processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02563.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,20]],"date-time":"2004-08-20T06:57:27Z","timestamp":1092985047000},"page":"621-627","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Excitatory amino acids, TNF-\n                    <i>\u03b1<\/i>\n                    , and chemokine levels in synovial fluids of patients with active arthropathies"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"T","family":"MCNEARNEY","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neuroscience and Cell Biology"},{"name":"Internal Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B A","family":"BAETHGE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"CAO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"ALAM","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J R","family":"LISSE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K N","family":"WESTLUND","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neuroscience and Cell Biology"},{"name":"Marine Biomedical Institute University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022011223191057000_b1","first-page":"739","article-title":"Excitatory amino acid profiles of synovial fluid from patients with arthritis","volume":"27","author":"McNearney","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2022011223191057000_b2","first-page":"S179","article-title":"Excitatory amino acid profiles of synovial fluids derived from patients with arthritis","volume":"42","author":"McNearney","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2022011223191057000_b3","first-page":"109A","article-title":"Temporal fluctuations in excitatory and inhibitory amino acid profiles of synovial fluids derived from patients with arthropathies","volume":"47","author":"McNearney","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Invest Med"},{"key":"2022011223191057000_b4","first-page":"109A","article-title":"Excitatory and inhibitory amino acid profiles of synovial fluids derived from patients with arthritis","volume":"47","author":"McNearney","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Investig Med"},{"key":"2022011223191057000_b5","first-page":"169","article-title":"Excitatory amino acid receptor involvement in peripheral nociceptive transmission in rats. 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