{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T04:49:37Z","timestamp":1791089377589,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,31]],"date-time":"2004-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1093910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Immunoglobulin E has been associated with severe malaria suggesting a regulatory role for interleukin (IL)-4 and\/or IgE in the pathogenesis of severe malaria. We have investigated possible associations between \u200apolymorphisms \u200ain \u200athe \u200aIL-4 \u200arepeat \u200aregion \u200a(intron \u200a3) \u200aand \u200apromoter \u200aregions \u200a(IL-4\u2003+33CT \u200aand \u2212\u200a590CT) in Ghanaian children with severe malaria. There was a significantly higher frequency of IL-4 intron-3 B1B1 genotype in the cerebral malaria group [P\u2003&amp;lt;\u20030.0001, odds ratio (OR) = 8.7]. The genotype and allele frequencies of the IL-4 \u2013590 and +33 polymorphisms did not differ between the four study groups. Carriers of IL-4\u2003+33T\/\u2212590T with cerebral malaria had elevated total IgE compared to non-carriers (P\u2003=\u20030.03). Our data suggest that IL-4 and\/or IgE play a regulatory role in the pathogenesis of severe or complicated malaria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02590.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,16]],"date-time":"2004-09-16T13:49:46Z","timestamp":1095342586000},"page":"145-150","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Allelic polymorphisms in the repeat and promoter regions of the interleukin-4 gene and malaria severity in Ghanaian children"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"138","author":[{"given":"B A","family":"GYAN","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Unit, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, Stockholm University, Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B","family":"GOKA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health, Ghana Medical School, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J T","family":"CVETKOVIC","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunological Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J L","family":"KURTZHALS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Stockholm University, Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Child Health, Ghana Medical School, Ghana"},{"name":"Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Clinical Microbiology and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V","family":"ADABAYERI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health, Ghana Medical School, 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