{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:16:47Z","timestamp":1790295407275,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,12]],"date-time":"2004-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1100217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Intranasal vaccination may offer practical benefits and better protection against respiratory infections, including tuberculosis. In this paper, we investigated the persistence of the Mycobacterium bovis-strain bacille Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) Pasteur, lung granuloma formation and protection against pathogenic tuberculous challenge in mice. A pronounced BCG dose-dependent granulomatous infiltration of the lungs was observed following intranasal, but not after subcutaneous, vaccination. Corresponding doses of BCG, over a 100-fold range, imparted similar protection against H37Rv challenge when comparing the intranasal and subcutaneous vaccination routes. Interestingly, a BCG dose-dependent reduction of the H37Rv challenge infection was observed in the lungs, but not in the spleens, following both intranasal and subcutaneous vaccination. In the light of the observed concurrence between the extent of granuloma formation and the level of protection of the lungs, we conclude that intranasal vaccination leading to best protective efficacy needs to be balanced with an acceptable safety margin avoiding undue pathology in the lungs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02648.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,15]],"date-time":"2004-11-15T19:14:48Z","timestamp":1100546088000},"page":"405-409","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Intranasal bacille Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) vaccine dosage needs balancing between protection and lung pathology"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"138","author":[{"given":"J A","family":"TREE","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Protection Agency, Porton Down, Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research, Salisbury, Wiltshire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"WILLIAMS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Protection Agency, Porton Down, Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research, Salisbury, Wiltshire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"CLARK","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Protection Agency, Porton Down, Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research, Salisbury, Wiltshire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G","family":"HALL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Protection Agency, Porton Down, Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research, Salisbury, Wiltshire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P D","family":"MARSH","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Protection Agency, Porton Down, Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research, Salisbury, Wiltshire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"IVANYI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Guy's Campus of Kings College London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022010901424199500_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(00)00134-1","article-title":"Intranasal vaccination of mice against infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"18","author":"Falero-Diaz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2022010901424199500_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2001.01667.x","article-title":"Intranasal BCG vaccination protects BALB\/c mice against virulent Mycobacterium bovis and accelerates production of IFN-gamma in their 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