{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T12:13:07Z","timestamp":1763035987609},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,26]],"date-time":"2005-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1106697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Development of anaemia in inflammatory diseases is cytokine-mediated. Specifically, the levels of tumour necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), produced by activated macrophages, are correlated with severity of disease and anaemia in infections and chronic disease. In African trypanosomiasis, anaemia develops very early in infection around the time when parasites become detectable in the blood. Since the anaemia persists after the first waves of parasitaemia when low numbers of trypanosomes are circulating in the blood, it is generally assumed that anaemia is not directly induced by a parasite factor, but might be cytokine-mediated, as in other cases of anaemia accompanying inflammation. To clarify the role of TNF-\u03b1 in the development of anaemia, blood parameters of wild type (TNF-\u03b1+\/+), TNF-\u03b1-null (TNF-\u03b1\u2013\/\u2013) and TNF-\u03b1-hemizygous (TNF-\u03b1\u2013\/+) trypanotolerant mice were compared during infections with the cattle parasite Trypanosoma congolense. No differences in PCV, erythrocyte numbers or haemoglobin were observed between TNF-\u03b1-deficient and wild type mice, suggesting that the decrease in erythrocytes was not mediated by TNF-\u03b1. Erythropoetin (EPO) levels increased during infection and no significant differences in EPO levels were observed between the three mouse strains. In contrast, during an infection with the human pathogen Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, the number of red blood cells in TNF-\u03b1-deficient mice remained significantly higher than in the wild type mice. These data suggest that more than one mechanism promotes the development of anaemia associated with trypanosomiasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02717.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,23]],"date-time":"2005-02-23T13:14:44Z","timestamp":1109164484000},"page":"405-410","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["TNF-a mediates the development of anaemia in a murine <i>Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense<\/i> infection, but not the anaemia associated with a murine <i>Trypanosoma congolense<\/i> infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"139","author":[{"given":"J","family":"Naessens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Kitani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Y","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Y","family":"Yagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Sekikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F","family":"Iraqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022010900430212700_b1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Hematology of African trypanosomiasis","volume-title":"Immunology and Pathogenesis of Trypanosomes","author":"Jenkins","year":"1985"},{"key":"2022010900430212700_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(90)90063-6","article-title":"Effect of trypanosome infection, control of parasitaemia and control of anaemia development on productivity of N\u2019Dama cattle","volume":"48","author":"Trail","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"2022010900430212700_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00360-6","article-title":"Responses of hemopoietic chimaera twin cattle from susceptible and tolerant genetic backgrounds to experimental infection with Trypanosoma congolense","volume":"111","author":"Naessens","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"2022010900430212700_b4","first-page":"389","article-title":"Anaemia in bovine African trypanosomiasis","volume":"45","author":"Murray","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"2022010900430212700_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1995.1053","article-title":"Trypanosoma congolense. comparative effects of a primary infection on bone marrow progenitor cells from N\u2019Dama and Boran cattle","volume":"80","author":"Andrianarivo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"2022010900430212700_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.4.1563-1566.1995","article-title":"Bone marrow nitric oxide production and development of anaemia in Trypanosoma brucei-infected mice","volume":"63","author":"Mabbott","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2022010900430212700_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1987.tb13634.x","article-title":"Lysosomal and non-lysosomal peptidyl hydrolases of the bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei brucei","volume":"169","author":"Lonsdale-Eccles","year":"1987","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"2022010900430212700_b8","first-page":"127","article-title":"The generation of phospholipase A and hemolytic fatty acids by autolysing suspensions of Trypanosoma congolense","volume":"29","author":"Tizard","year":"1978","journal-title":"Tropenmed Parasitol"},{"key":"2022010900430212700_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(81)90098-0","article-title":"The phospholipases of pathogenic and non-pathogenic Trypanosoma species","volume":"2","author":"Hambrey","year":"1981","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"2022010900430212700_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.2307\/3280584","article-title":"Injury induced by Trypanosoma congo\/ense adhesion to cell membranes","volume":"66","author":"Banks","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"2022010900430212700_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)32427-5","article-title":"Saror DI, Ilemobade AA, Hallaway MH. 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