{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T15:26:07Z","timestamp":1764602767892},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,24]],"date-time":"2005-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1109203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Listeria monocytogenes (Listeria) are known to grow and proliferate in the liver while a splenectomy induces host resistance against a Listeria infection despite the fact that a splenectomy inhibits the Th1 response. Therefore, the mechanism by which a splenectomy helps to prevent the growth of Listeria still remains to be elucidated. After an i.v. challenge of Listeria (1 \u00d7 106 CFU) in C57BL\/6 mice, Listeria rapidly increased in the spleen but not in the liver until 48\u2003h. However, after this initial phase, Listeria remarkably grew in the liver. In contrast, when the mice received a splenectomy beforehand, no remarkable growth of Listeria in the liver was observed after Listeria challenge despite the fact that serum IFN-\u03b3 and IL-12 levels at 24 h after Listeria challenge were significantly lower than those in the sham mice. However, the liver leucocytes from mice by 6 h after infection produced a substantial amount of IFN-\u03b3 while spleen MNC did not, whereas spleen leucocytes at 24 h after Listeria challenge did. Consistently, the IFN-\u03b3 and IL-12 levels in the tissue homogenates of the spleen were significantly lower than in those of the liver until 6 h after infection. This defective spleen Th1 response in the early phase of Listeria infection was corrected by an IL-18 i.p. injection just after the Listeria challenge. Our findings suggest that Listeria exploit the defective Th1 environment of the spleen in the initial phase and afterwards overcome the host defense mechanism of the liver.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2005.02735.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,11]],"date-time":"2005-03-11T11:50:33Z","timestamp":1110541833000},"page":"11-21","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A defective Th1 response of the spleen in the initial phase may explain why splenectomy helps prevent a<i>Listeria<\/i>infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"140","author":[{"given":"N","family":"Kuranaga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Kinoshita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Basic Traumatology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Kawabata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Shinomiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Seki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022010818041856100_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800780626","article-title":"Severe late postsplenectomy infection","volume":"78","author":"Cullingford","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"2022010818041856100_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800750231","article-title":"Effect of splenectomy on gram-negative bacterial clearance in the presence and absence of sepsis","volume":"75","author":"Cheslyn-Curtis","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"2022010818041856100_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-198611000-00007","article-title":"Late septic complications in adults following splenectomy for trauma: a prospective analysis in 144 patients","volume":"26","author":"Green","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"2022010818041856100_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110148","article-title":"The role of the spleen in experimental pneumococcal bacteremia","volume":"67","author":"Brown","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2022010818041856100_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(77)90132-5","article-title":"Splenectomy and subsequent mortality in veterans of the 1939\u201345 war","volume":"2","author":"Robinette","year":"1977","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022010818041856100_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.39.2.742-749.1983","article-title":"Characteristics of mononuclear phagocytes mediating antilisterial resistance in splenectomized mice","volume":"39","author":"Pietrangeli","year":"1983","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2022010818041856100_b7","first-page":"117","article-title":"Splenic regulation of cell-mediated immunity to Listeria monocytogenes","volume":"40","author":"Poirot","year":"1980","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"2022010818041856100_b8","first-page":"901","article-title":"Increased phagocytic activity of splenectomized mice challenged with Listeria monocytogenes","volume":"34","author":"Skamene","year":"1978","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"2022010818041856100_b9","first-page":"851","article-title":"Enhanced resistance to Listeria monocytogenes in splenectomized mice","volume":"33","author":"Skamene","year":"1977","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"2022010818041856100_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198502143120710","article-title":"Listeriosis and milk","volume":"312","author":"Barza","year":"1985","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022010818041856100_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/17.2.224","article-title":"Increased risk of meningitis and bacteremia due to Listeria monocytogenes in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"17","author":"Jurado","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022010818041856100_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-200011000-00002","article-title":"Acute bacterial meningitis in adults. 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