{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T14:50:43Z","timestamp":1761058243696},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,24]],"date-time":"2005-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1109203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Development of an effective immunoprophylactic agent for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has become imperative due to the increasing number of cases of drug resistance and relapse. Live and killed whole parasites as well as fractionated and recombinant preparations have been evaluated for vaccine potential. However, a successful vaccine against the disease has been elusive. Because protective immunity in human and experimental leishmaniasis is predominantly of the Th1 type, immunogens with Th1 stimulatory potential would make good vaccine candidates. In the present study, the integral membrane proteins (IMPs) and non-membranous soluble proteins (NSPs), purified from promastigotes of a recent field isolate, Leishmania donovani stain 2001, were evaluated for their ability to induce cellular responses in cured patients (n = 9), endemic controls (n = 5) of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and treated hamsters (n = 10). IMPs and NSPs induced significant proliferative responses (SI 6\u00b73 \u00b1 4\u00b71 and 5\u00b76 \u00b1 2\u00b73, respectively; P\u2003&amp;lt;\u20030\u00b701) and IFN-\u03b3 production (356\u00b73 \u00b1 213\u00b74 and 294\u00b729 \u00b1 107\u00b76\u2003pg\/ml, respectively) in lymphocytes isolated from cured VL patients. Significant lymphoproliferative responses against IMPs and NSPs were also noticed in cured Leishmania animals (SI 7\u00b72 \u00b1 4\u00b77 &amp; 6\u00b74 \u00b1 4\u00b71, respectively; P\u2003&amp;lt;\u20030\u00b701). In addition, significant NO production in response both IMPs and NSPs was also noticed in macrophages of hamsters and different cell lines (J774A-1 and THP1). These results suggest that protective, immunostimulatory molecules are present in the IMP and NSP fractions, which may be exploited for development of a subunit vaccine for VL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2005.02745.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,11]],"date-time":"2005-03-11T11:50:33Z","timestamp":1110541833000},"page":"149-156","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Immunostimulatory cellular responses of cured<i>Leishmania<\/i>-infected patients and hamsters against the integral membrane proteins and non-membranous soluble proteins of a recent clinical isolate of<i>Leishmania donovani<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"140","author":[{"given":"R","family":"Garg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S K","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Tripathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Naik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Sundar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Dube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022010818042213900_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2001.00778.x","article-title":"Drug resistance in Indian visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"6","author":"Sundar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"2022010818042213900_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(01)90223-8","article-title":"The increase in risk factors for leishmaniasis worldwide","volume":"95","author":"Desjeux","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2022010818042213900_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.146.2.742","article-title":"Characterization \u200aof \u200aa \u200amembrane \u200aantigen of Leishmania amazonensis that stimulates human immune responses","volume":"146","author":"Burns","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2022010818042213900_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6171","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.11.6171","article-title":"LeIF: a recombinant Leishmania protein that induces an IL-12-mediated Th1 cytokine profile","volume":"161","author":"Skeiky","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2022010818042213900_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3575","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.147.10.3575","article-title":"Human T cell responses to gp63, a surface antigen of Leishmania","volume":"147","author":"Russo","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2022010818042213900_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.168.5.1675","article-title":"Immunoregulation of cutaneous leishmaniasis. 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