{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T11:46:42Z","timestamp":1773920802347,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,30]],"date-time":"2005-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1112140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Healing\/protective responses in human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) are associated \u200awith \u200astimulation\/production \u200aof \u200aTh1 \u200acytokines, \u200asuch \u200aas \u200ainterferon IFN-\u03b3, and conversion in the leishmanin skin test (LST). Such responses were studied for 90\u2003days in 44 adult healthy volunteers from VL non-endemic areas, with no past history of VL\/cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and LST non-reactivity following injection with one of four doses of Alum-precipitated autoclaved Leishmania major (Alum\/ALM) \u00b1 bacille Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin (BCG), a VL candidate vaccine. The vaccine was well tolerated with minimal localized side-effects and without an increase in antileishmanial antibodies or interleukin (IL)-5. Five volunteers (5\/44; 11\u00b74%) had significant IFN-\u03b3 production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in response to Leishmania antigens in their prevaccination samples (P = 0\u00b7001) but were LST non-reactive. On day 45, more than half the volunteers (26\/44; 59\u00b70%) had significantly high LST indurations (mean 9\u00b72 \u00b1 2\u00b77 mm) and high IFN-\u03b3 levels (mean 1008 \u00b1 395; median 1247\u2003pg\/ml). Five volunteers had significant L. donovani antigen-induced IFN-\u03b3 production (mean 873 \u00b1 290; median 902; P\u2003=\u20030\u00b7001), but were non-reactive in LST. An additional five volunteers (5\/44; 11\u00b74%) had low IFN-\u03b3 levels (mean 110 \u00b1 124\u2003pg\/ml; median 80) and were non-reactive in LST (induration = 00 mm). The remaining eight volunteers had low IFN-\u03b3 levels, but significant LST induration (mean 10 \u00b1 2\u00b79 mm; median 11). By day 90 the majority of volunteers (27\/44; 61\u00b74%) had significant LST induration (mean 10\u00b78 \u00b1 9\u00b79 mm; P\u2003&amp;lt; 0\u00b7001), but low levels of L. donovani antigen-induced IFN-\u03b3 (mean 66\u00b70 \u00b1 62\u2003pg\/ml; P\u2003&amp;gt;\u20030.05). Eleven volunteers (11\/44; 25%) had significantly high levels of IFN-\u03b3 and LST induration, while five volunteers had low levels of IFN-\u03b3 (&amp;lt;100\u2003pg\/ml) and no LST reactivity (00 mm). One volunteer was lost to follow-up. In conclusion, it is hypothesized that cellular immune responses to human VL are dichotomatous, and that IFN-\u03b3 production and the LST response are not in a causal relationship. Following vaccination and probably cure of VL infection, the IFN-\u03b3 response declines with time while the LST response persists. LST is a simple test that can be used to assess candidate vaccine efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2005.02768.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,30]],"date-time":"2005-03-30T10:11:11Z","timestamp":1112177471000},"page":"349-353","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Dichotomy of protective cellular immune responses to human visceral leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"140","author":[{"given":"E A G","family":"Khalil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Leishmaniasis Research Group\/Sudan: Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N B","family":"Ayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Leishmaniasis Research Group\/Sudan: Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A M","family":"Musa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Leishmaniasis Research Group\/Sudan: Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M E","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Leishmaniasis Research Group\/Sudan: Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M M","family":"Mukhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Leishmaniasis Research Group\/Sudan: Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E E","family":"Zijlstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Leishmaniasis Research Group\/Sudan: Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I M","family":"Elhassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Leishmaniasis Research Group\/Sudan: Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P G","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P M","family":"Kieny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TDR\/WHO, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H W","family":"Ghalib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TDR\/WHO, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F","family":"Zicker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TDR\/WHO, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F","family":"Modabber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Institute, Seattle, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A M","family":"Elhassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Leishmaniasis Research Group\/Sudan: Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022010818040814500_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(95)90010-1","article-title":"Diversity among Leishmania isolates from the Sudan: isoenzyme homogeneity of L. donovani versus heterogeneity of L. major","volume":"89","author":"Ibrahim","year":"1995","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med 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