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In order to study early cytokine responses, in vitro differentiated dendritic cells (DCs) and whole blood cells from 21 patients with different clinical outcomes of Lyme neuroborreliosis were stimulated with live borrelia spirochetes. The borrelia-induced secretion of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, IL-12p70, interferon (IFN)-\u03b3 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1 in DCs and IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, TNF-\u03b1, regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1\u03b1, MIP-1\u03b2 and eotaxin in whole blood cells was measured by enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) and multiplex arrays, respectively. We found increased numbers of TNF-\u03b1-secreting DCs (P\u2003=\u20030\u00b7018) in asymptomatic seropositive individuals compared to patients with subacute neuroborreliosis and seronegative controls. Asymptomatic individuals were also found to have elevated levels of IL-12p70 (P\u2003=\u20030\u00b7031) in whole blood cell supernatants compared to seronegative controls. These results are in line with previous experiments using cells of the adaptive immune response, indicating that strong T helper type 1 (Th1) proinflammatory responses might be associated with a successful resolution of Lyme disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2005.02820.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,15]],"date-time":"2005-06-15T12:33:14Z","timestamp":1118838794000},"page":"89-98","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Innate immune responses in Lyme borreliosis: enhanced tumour necrosis factor-\u03b1 and interleukin-12 in asymptomatic individuals in response to live spirochetes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"141","author":[{"given":"J","family":"Sj\u00f6wall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Hospital, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"},{"name":"Divisions of Clinical Immunology, Department of Molecular and 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Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Ernerudh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Clinical Immunology, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Hospital, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Forsberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Hospital, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Ekerfelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Clinical Immunology, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Hospital, Link\u00f6ping, 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