{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T15:56:49Z","timestamp":1790006209548,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,16]],"date-time":"2006-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1140048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>To serologically determine the association of microbial superantigens and the pathogenesis of Kawasaki disease (KD), we conducted a case-control study. Serum IgG and IgM antibodies against staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), SEB, SEC, toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A (SPEA) were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 293 serum samples from 65 KD patients on clinical days 1\u201328 and 120 control samples. The administration of immunoglobulin products, which contain high concentrations of IgG antibodies against all the superantigens, directly elevated antitoxin IgG antibodies in KD patients. In contrast, antitoxin IgM antibodies were not detected in immunoglobulin products. Actually, we found a significant elevation of IgM antibodies against SEA in KD patients in the first (median titre: 0\u00b7020, P\u2003&amp;lt;\u20030\u00b701 versus control), second (0\u00b7024, P\u2003&amp;lt;\u20030\u00b7001), third (0\u00b7030, P\u2003&amp;lt;\u20030\u00b7001) and fourth (0\u00b7038, P\u2003&amp;lt;\u20030\u00b7001) weeks, compared to the controls (0\u00b7015). Significant differences of IgM antibodies were also true for SEB, TSST-1, and SPEA throughout the first to fourth weeks, and for SEC throughout the second to fourth weeks. The prevalence of KD patients having high IgM titres (&amp;gt;\u2003mean\u2003+\u20032SD of control values) to the 5 superantigens was increased with the clinical weeks, and reached 29\u201343% of KD subjects at the fourth week. This is the first study that describes kinetics of IgM antibodies against superantigens and clarifies the serological significance throughout the clinical course of KD. Our results suggest that multiple superantigens involve in the pathogenesis of KD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03015.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,16]],"date-time":"2006-02-16T06:08:32Z","timestamp":1140070112000},"page":"427-434","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Development of serum IgM antibodies against superantigens of<i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>and<i>Streptococcus pyogenes<\/i>in Kawasaki disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"143","author":[{"given":"K","family":"Matsubara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Nishi-Kobe Medical Centre, Kobe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Fukaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Nishi-Kobe Medical Centre, Kobe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Miwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Devices Research Laboratory, Specialty Material Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., Otsu"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Shibayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Devices Research Laboratory, Specialty Material Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., Otsu"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Nigami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Nishi-Kobe Medical Centre, Kobe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Harigaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Nishi-Kobe Medical Centre, Kobe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Nozaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Nishi-Kobe Medical Centre, Kobe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Hirata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Nishi-Kobe Medical Centre, Kobe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Baba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Nishi-Kobe Medical Centre, Kobe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Mizonokuchi Hospital, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Ishiguro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Mizonokuchi Hospital, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, 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