{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T19:31:01Z","timestamp":1784230261618,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,22]],"date-time":"2006-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1148256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>We have identified several eye muscle antigens and studied the significance of the corresponding serum autoantibodies in patients with Graves\u2019 disease. Of these antigens, only calsequestrin is expressed more in eye muscle than other skeletal muscles, which could explain at least partly the specific involvement of eye muscle in patients with Graves\u2019 disease. Earlier, we found a modest relationship between anti-calsequestrin antibodies and ophthalmopathy, but in that study we used calsequestrin prepared from rabbit heart muscle and measured antibodies by immunoblotting. We have reinvestigated the prevalences of anti-calsequestrin antibodies in larger groups of well-characterized patients with thyroid autoimmunity with and without ophthalmopathy and control patients and healthy subjects, using standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay incorporating highly purified rabbit skeletal muscle calsequestrin, which has a 97% homology with human calsequestrin, as antigen. Anti-calsequestrin antibodies were detected in 78% of patients with active congestive ophthalmopathy, in 92% of those with active inflammation and eye muscle involvement, but in only 22% of patients with chronic, \u2018burnt out\u2019 disease. Tests were also positive in 5% of patients with Graves\u2019 hyperthyroidism without evident ophthalmopathy (two patients) and one patient with \u2018watery eyes\u2019 but no other clear signs of congestive ophthalmopathy and IgA nephropathy and no known thyroid disease, but in no patient with Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis, toxic nodular goitre, non-toxic multi-nodular goitre or diabetes, or age- and sex-matched healthy subjects. In serial studies of all 11 patients with Graves\u2019 hyperthyroidism who had active ophthalmopathy at the time of the first clinic visit, or developed eye signs during the first 6\u2003months, and positive anti-calsequestrin antibodies in at least one sample, anti-calsequestrin antibodies correlated with the onset of ocular myopathy in six patients. Antibodies targeting calsequestrin appear to be specific markers for ophthalmopathy and sensitive indicators of the ocular myopathy subtype of ophthalmopathy in patients with thyroid autoimmunity. However, these results must be considered preliminary until a large prospective study of patients with newly diagnosed Graves\u2019 hyperthyroidism, in which serum levels of calsequestrin antibodies are correlated with clinical changes and orbital eye muscle and connective tissue\/fat volumes, has been carried out.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03110.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]],"date-time":"2006-06-01T22:21:53Z","timestamp":1149200513000},"page":"56-62","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Antibodies targeting the calcium binding skeletal muscle protein calsequestrin are specific markers of ophthalmopathy and sensitive indicators of ocular myopathy in patients with Graves\u2019 disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"145","author":[{"given":"B","family":"Gopinath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Nepean Hospital, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Musselman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Nepean Hospital, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Beard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Bioscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Canberra City, ACT, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"El-Kaissi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Nepean Hospital, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Tani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Nepean Hospital, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C-L","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Nepean Hospital, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J R","family":"Wall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Nepean Hospital, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022010506333254100_b1","first-page":"747","article-title":"Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy: current concepts regarding pathogenesis and management","volume":"14","author":"Burch","year":"1993","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2022010506333254100_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3109\/01676838909087649","article-title":"Endocrine ophthalmopathies. 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