{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T09:35:26Z","timestamp":1778837726619,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,22]],"date-time":"2006-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1148256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>The immunological response during early human Trypanosoma cruzi infection is not completely understood, despite its role in driving the development of distinct clinical manifestations of chronic infection. Herein we report the results of a descriptive flow cytometric immunophenotyping investigation of major and minor peripheral blood leucocyte subpopulations in T. cruzi-infected children, characterizing the early stages of the indeterminate clinical form of Chagas\u2019 disease. Our results indicated significant alterations by comparison with uninfected children, including increased values of pre-natural killer (NK)-cells (CD3\u2013\u2003CD16+\u2003CD56\u2013), and higher values of proinflammatory monocytes (CD14+\u2003CD16+\u2003HLA-DR++). The higher values of activated B lymphocytes (CD19+\u2003CD23+) contrasted with impaired T cell activation, indicated by lower values of CD4+\u2003CD38+ and CD4+\u2003HLA-DR+ lymphocytes, a lower frequency of CD8+\u2003CD38+ and CD8+\u2003HLA-DR+ cells; a decreased frequency of CD4+\u2003CD25HIGH regulatory T cells was also observed. These findings reinforce the hypothesis that simultaneous activation of innate and adaptive immunity mechanisms in addition to suppression of adaptive cellular immune response occur during early events of Chagas\u2019 disease. Comparative cross-sectional analysis of these immunophenotypes with those exhibited by patients with late chronic indeterminate and cardiac forms of disease suggested that a shift toward high values of macrophage-like cells extended to basal levels of proinflammatory monocytes as well as high values of mature NK cells, NKT and regulatory T cells, may account for limited tissue damage during chronic infection favouring the establishment\/maintenance of a lifelong indeterminate clinical form of the disease. On the other hand, development of an adaptive cell-mediated inflammatory immunoprofile characterized by high levels of activated CD8+ cells and basal levels of mature NK cells, NKT and CD4+\u2003CD25HIGH cells might lead to late chronic pathologies associated with chagasic heart disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03123.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,6]],"date-time":"2006-06-06T09:27:15Z","timestamp":1149586035000},"page":"81-92","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Are increased frequency of macrophage-like and natural killer (NK) cells, together with high levels of NKT and CD4+CD25high T cells balancing activated CD8+ T cells, the key to control Chagas\u2019 disease morbidity?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"145","author":[{"given":"D M","family":"Vitelli-Avelar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Doen\u00e7a de Chagas, Centro de Pesquisas Ren\u00e9 Rachou, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Sathler-Avelar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Doen\u00e7a de Chagas, Centro de Pesquisas Ren\u00e9 Rachou, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"},{"name":"P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R L","family":"Massara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Doen\u00e7a de Chagas, Centro de Pesquisas Ren\u00e9 Rachou, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J D","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Parasitologia e Histopatologia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P S","family":"Lage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Doen\u00e7a de Chagas, Centro de Pesquisas Ren\u00e9 Rachou, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"},{"name":"P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Lana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Parasitologia e Histopatologia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de An\u00e1lises Cl\u00ednicas, Escola de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Teixeira-Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Doen\u00e7a de Chagas, Centro de Pesquisas Ren\u00e9 Rachou, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Parasitologia e Histopatologia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de An\u00e1lises Cl\u00ednicas, Escola de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J C P","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Triatom\u00edneos e Epidemiologia da Doen\u00e7a de Chagas, Centro de Pesquisas Ren\u00e9 Rachou, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S M","family":"El\u00f3i-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Doen\u00e7a de Chagas, Centro de Pesquisas Ren\u00e9 Rachou, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Proped\u00eautica Complementar, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"O A","family":"Martins-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Doen\u00e7a de Chagas, Centro de Pesquisas Ren\u00e9 Rachou, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022010506333472900_b1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Control of Chagas\u2019 disease","volume":"905","author":"WHO Expert Committee.","year":"2002","journal-title":"World 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