{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T17:42:49Z","timestamp":1775151769439,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,23]],"date-time":"2006-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1151020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Approximately 5% of people infected with human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) develop clinical myelopathy or tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP) that is associated with high-levels of Th1 cytokines, interferon (IFN)-\u03b3 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1. Chemokines are known to induce cytokine secretion and direct the trafficking of immune cells to sites of disease. The present study measured serum chemokines correlated with autonomously released IFN-\u03b3 in cell cultures. HTLV-1 infection was defined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and confirmed by Western blot. Subjects included HTLV-1 carriers (n = 56), patients with HAM\/TSP (n = 31) and healthy HTLV-1 seronegative volunteer controls (n = 20). Serum chemokines and IFN-\u03b3 autonomously released by mononuclear cells in culture were quantified by ELISA. Compared to HTLV-1 carriers, serum chemokines in HAM\/TSP patients showed significantly increased levels of CXCL9 and CXCL10, significantly diminished levels of CCL2 and similar amounts of CCL11 and CCL24. In contrast, CCL11 and CCL24 were significantly lower in serum of HAM\/TSP patients than either control. IFN-\u03b3 was positively correlated with CXCL9 and CXCL10 when HAM\/TSP and HTLV-1 carriers were used as a combined group. However, despite a large proportion of HTLV-1 carriers having high IFN-\u03b3 levels, these chemokines were not increased in carriers. This study showed that high levels of CXCL9 and CXCL10 in the systemic circulation and low serum CCL2 levels are features of HAM\/TSP. HTLV-1 infection and Tax and\/or additional viral encoded factor-mediated pathological processes triggering T cell activation with autogenous IFN-\u03b3 release are probably involved in regulating chemokine release.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03150.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,23]],"date-time":"2006-06-23T14:41:02Z","timestamp":1151073662000},"page":"296-301","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Levels of serum chemokines discriminate clinical myelopathy associated with human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP) disease from HTLV-1 carrier state"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"145","author":[{"given":"J B","family":"Guerreiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Imunologia, Hospital Universit\u00e1rio Prof Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador-BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S B","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Imunologia, Hospital Universit\u00e1rio Prof Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador-BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D J","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A F","family":"Porto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Imunologia, Hospital Universit\u00e1rio Prof Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador-BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A L","family":"Muniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Imunologia, Hospital Universit\u00e1rio Prof Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador-BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J 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