{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T09:05:25Z","timestamp":1790499925991,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,12]],"date-time":"2006-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1152662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>The world is confronted with major tuberculosis (TB) outbreaks at a time when the protection of bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) vaccine has become inconsistent and controversial. Major TB outbreaks are caused by a group of genetically similar strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains, including the Beijing family genotypes. The Beijing family genotypes exhibit important pathogenic features such high virulence, multi-drug resistance and exogenous reinfection. These family strains have developed mechanisms that modulate\/suppress immune responses by the host, such as inhibition of apoptosis of infected macrophages, diminished production of interleukin (IL)-2, interferon (IFN)-\u03b3, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1 and elevated levels of IL-10 and IL-18. They demonstrate distinct expression of proteins, such as several species of \u03b1-crystallin (a known Mtb virulence factor), but decreased expression of some antigens such as heat shock protein of 65\u2003kDa, phosphate transport subunit S and a 47-kDa protein. In addition, the Beijing family strains specifically produce a highly bioactive lipid (a polyketide synthase)-derived phenolic glycolipid. This altered expression of proteins\/glycolipids may be important factors underlying the success of the Beijing family strains. The Beijing family strains are speculated to have originated from South-east Asia, where BCG vaccination has been used for more than 60\u2003years. The hypothesis that mass BCG vaccination may have been a selective factor that favoured genotypic and phenotypic characteristic acquired by the Beijing family strains is discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03162.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,12]],"date-time":"2006-07-12T14:49:16Z","timestamp":1152715756000},"page":"389-397","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["The emergence of Beijing family genotypes of<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/i>and low-level protection by bacille Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) vaccines: is there a link?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"145","author":[{"given":"F","family":"Abebe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oslo, International Community Health, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Bjune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oslo, International Community Health, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022010506155233800_b1","article-title":"Global programme for vaccines and immunization \u2212 Expanded Programme on Immunization","volume-title":"Immunization Policy","author":"World Health Organization (WHO).","year":"1996"},{"key":"2022010506155233800_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92348-9","article-title":"Variation in protection by BCG: implications of and for heterologous immunity","volume":"346","author":"Fine","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022010506155233800_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0962-8479(94)90003-5","article-title":"Criteria for discontinuation of vaccination programmes using bacilli Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) in countries with low prevalence of tuberculosis","volume":"75","author":"International Union Against 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