{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T11:58:09Z","timestamp":1761393489036},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,27]],"date-time":"2006-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1159315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the aetiological agent of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP). The objective of this study is to identify which ex vivo and in vivo markers are associated independently with HAM\/TSP in a Peruvian population. Eighty-one subjects (33 men\/48 women) were enrolled: 35 presented with HAM\/TSP, 33 were asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers (ACs) and 13 were HTLV-1-seronegative controls (SCs). Ex vivo markers included T cell proliferation and Th1 [interferon (IFN)-\u03b3], Th2 [interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5], proinflammatory [tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1] and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokine production in non-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures. In vivo CD4+ T cell count, markers of Th1 [interferon-inducible protein (IP)-10] and Th2 (sCD30) activity in plasma and HTLV-1 proviral load in PBMCs were also evaluated. In univariate analysis, several markers, including T cell proliferation, IFN-\u03b3, IP-10, sCD30 and proviral load were associated with HAM\/TSP, but in a multiple logistic regression analysis only the proviral load remained associated significantly with disease manifestation [adjusted OR 9\u00b710 (1\u00b724\u201366\u00b791)]. Our findings suggest that HAM\/TSP is associated primarily with proviral load, whereas the observed association with some immune markers seems secondary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03208.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,27]],"date-time":"2006-09-27T09:42:55Z","timestamp":1159350175000},"page":"226-233","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Proviral load and immune markers associated with human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP) in Peru"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"I","family":"Best","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V","family":"Adaui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Verdonck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru"},{"name":"HIV and Retrovirology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Tipismana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru"},{"name":"Laboratorios de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo (LID), Facultad de Ciencias y Filosof\u00eda, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Gotuzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Vanham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV and Retrovirology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022010503194051500_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7415","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.77.12.7415","article-title":"Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","volume":"77","author":"Poiesz","year":"1980","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2022010503194051500_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1993.9.381","article-title":"An HTLV-I vaccine: why, how, for whom?","volume":"9","author":"De The","year":"1993","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"2022010503194051500_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(05)70225-7","article-title":"Human T-cell lymphotropic virus-I in Latin 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