{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T20:44:47Z","timestamp":1771706687194,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,13]],"date-time":"2006-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1160697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dietary gluten induces an early response in the intestine of coeliac disease patients (CD), within a few hours, and this is driven by high levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including IFN\u03b3 and IL-15, as has been thoroughly shown by gluten stimulation of biopsy explants. Our aim was to identify the immune mediators involved in the long-standing inflammation in untreated CD patients at diagnosis. mRNA and protein levels of TNF\u03b1, IL-12(p35), IL-12(p40), IL-15, IL-18 and IL-23(p19) were quantified in biopsies from active CD patients, CD patients on a gluten-free diet (GFD), healthy controls, and patients with non-CD inflammation and mild histological changes in the intestine. Biopsies from CD patients on a GFD were also stimulated in vitro with gliadin, and protein expression of IL-15 and IL-18 was analysed. Levels of IL-12 and IL-23 mRNA are nearly absent, and TNF\u03b1 levels remain unchanged among different groups. Both the active and inactive forms of IL-18 protein have been found in all samples from active CD, and protein expression was only localized within the crypts. Levels of IL-15 mRNA remain unchanged, and protein expression, localized within the lamina propria, is found in a small number of samples. In vitro stimulation with gluten induces the expression of IL-15 and IL-18. In active CD, the early response following gluten intake characterized by high IFN\u03b3 levels is driven by IL-18, and probably IL-15, and this alternates with periods of long-standing inflammation with moderate IFN\u03b3 levels, maintained by IL-18 alone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03239.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,31]],"date-time":"2006-10-31T15:05:10Z","timestamp":1162307110000},"page":"479-485","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Interleukin 18 maintains a long-standing inflammation in coeliac disease patients"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"A J","family":"Le\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Immunology, and Institute of Biology and Molecular Genetics (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J 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