{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T04:18:47Z","timestamp":1774671527252,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,7]],"date-time":"2007-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1170806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Coeliac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy triggered by ingestion of wheat gluten and related cereals in genetically predisposed individuals. Circulating immunoglobulin A (IgA) class autoantibodies against tissue transglutaminase (IgA\u2013TGA) are highly specific and sensitive serological markers for CD, which is ultimately confirmed by duodenal biopsy. Although CD is considered a life-long disorder, transient or fluctuating IgA\u2013TGA seropositivity has been observed in asymptomatic individuals on a gluten-containing diet. We set out to explore possible differences in the maturation of IgA\u2013TGA avidity between individuals progressing to CD and subjects remaining healthy despite occasional expression of autoantibodies. We developed a time-resolved fluorometric IgA\u2013TGA assay based on human recombinant tissue transglutaminase (tTG), and further modified the method to also measure urea-dependent avidity of the autoantibodies. We measured the autoantibody titres and avidities of sequential serum samples from 10 children developing CD and 10 children presenting transient or fluctuating autoantibodies. Both the initial titres at seroconversion and peak values of transient\/fluctuating IgA\u2013TGA were significantly lower than corresponding autoantibody titres in samples drawn from individuals with progressing CD (P\u2003=\u20030\u00b7004 and P\u2003=\u20030\u00b70002, respectively). However, there were no statistically significant differences in the initial or peak avidity index values between the two groups of children. The avidity index values increased during the follow-up period (P\u2003=\u20030\u00b7013 for both groups) with no significant difference in the rate of avidity maturation between children with transient\/fluctuating IgA\u2013TGA and children developing CD. According to our results, high autoantibody titres have a higher predictive value than avidity maturation of TGA-IgA in screening for CD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2007.03336.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,15]],"date-time":"2008-10-15T12:36:33Z","timestamp":1224074193000},"page":"230-240","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Affinity maturation of immunoglobulin A anti-tissue transglutaminase autoantibodies during development of coeliac disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"148","author":[{"given":"A","family":"Westerlund","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, \u00c5bo Akademi University, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Ankelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, \u00c5bo Akademi University, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Simell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Ilonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland"},{"name":"Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Knip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"O","family":"Simell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A E","family":"Hinkkanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, \u00c5bo Akademi University, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022010414520672500_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-2725(03)00239-5","article-title":"The pathogenesis of coeliac disease","volume":"36","author":"Dewar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"2022010414520672500_b2","first-page":"121","article-title":"Changing trends in clinical form of celiac disease. Which is now the main form of celiac disease in clinical practice?","volume":"48","author":"Brandimarte","year":"2002","journal-title":"Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol"},{"key":"2022010414520672500_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra010852","article-title":"Celiac sprue","volume":"346","author":"Farrell","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022010414520672500_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)00243-3","article-title":"An iceberg of childhood coeliac disease in the Netherlands","volume":"353","author":"Csizmadia","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022010414520672500_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(00)90055-6","article-title":"The prevalence of celiac disease in at-risk groups of children in the United States","volume":"136","author":"Hill","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2022010414520672500_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021687","article-title":"Prevalence of celiac disease among children in Finland","volume":"348","author":"M\u00e4ki","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022010414520672500_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1006\/jaut.1999.0303","article-title":"One third of HLA DQ2 homozygous patients with type 1 diabetes express celiac disease-associated transglutaminase autoantibodies","volume":"13","author":"Bao","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"2022010414520672500_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.8.4.678-685.2001","article-title":"Celiac disease-associated autoimmune endocrinopathies","volume":"8","author":"Kumar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"2022010414520672500_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/003655202753387356","article-title":"First-degree relatives are frequently affected in coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis","volume":"37","author":"Hervonen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2022010414520672500_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520310000456","article-title":"Familial prevalence of coeliac disease: a twenty-year follow-up study","volume":"38","author":"H\u00f6gberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2022010414520672500_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/nri885","article-title":"Coeliac disease: dissecting a complex inflammatory disorder","volume":"2","author":"Sollid","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Rev 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