{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T12:21:19Z","timestamp":1773404479183,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,2]],"date-time":"2007-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1186012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lyme borreliosis is a complex infection, where some individuals develop so-called \u2018chronic borreliosis\u2019. The pathogenetic mechanisms are unknown, but the type of immune response is probably important for healing. A strong T helper cell type 1 (Th1)-like response has been suggested as crucial for eradication of Borrelia and for avoiding development of chronic disease. Many studies aimed at altering the Th1\/Th2 balance in Lyme arthritis employed mice deficient in cytokine genes, but the outcome has not been clear-cut, due possibly to the high redundancy of cytokines. This study aimed at studying the importance of the Th1\/Th2 balance in murine Borrelia arthritis by using the Th2-deviating effect of subtoxic doses of inorganic mercury. Ninety-eight C3H\/HeN mice were divided into four groups: Borrelia-infected (Bb), Borrelia-infected exposed to HgCl2 (BbHg), controls exposed to HgCl2 alone and normal controls. Mice were killed on days 3, 16, 44 and 65 post-Borrelia inoculation. Arthritis severity was evaluated by histology, spirochaetal load determined by Borrelia culture, IgG2a- and IgE-levels analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbemt assay (ELISA) and cytokine-secreting cells detected by enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT). BbHg mice showed less severe histological arthritis, but delayed eradication of spirochaetes compared to Bb mice, associated with increased levels of IgE (Th2-induced) and decreased levels of IgG2a (Th1-induced), consistent with a Th2-deviation. Both the numbers of Th1 and Th2 cytokine-secreting cells were reduced in BbHg mice, possibly explained by the fact that numbers of cytokine-secreting cells do not correlate with cytokine concentration. In conclusion, this study supports the hypothesis that a Th1-like response is required for optimal eradication of Borrelia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2007.03474.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,12]],"date-time":"2010-08-12T14:20:02Z","timestamp":1281622802000},"page":"189-197","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Mercury exposure as a model for deviation of cytokine responses in experimental Lyme arthritis: HgCl2 treatment decreases T helper cell type 1-like responses and arthritis severity but delays eradication of<i>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/i>in C3H\/HeN mice"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"150","author":[{"given":"C","family":"Ekerfelt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Immunology"},{"name":"Unit of Autoimmunity and Immune Regulation"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical 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