{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T09:06:06Z","timestamp":1781168766357,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,23]],"date-time":"2007-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1187827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Identifying pathogen and host-related laboratory parameters are essential for the early diagnosis of leprosy reactions. The present study aimed to clarify the validity of measuring the profiles of serum cytokines [interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-10, interferon (IFN)-\u03b3 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1], the soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R), soluble T cell (sCD27) and macrophage (neopterin) activation markers and Mycobacterium leprae-specific anti-PGL-I IgM antibodies in relation to the leprosy spectrum and reactions. Serum samples from 131 Indonesian leprosy patients (82 non-reactional leprosy patients and 49 reactional) and 112 healthy controls (HC) from the same endemic region were investigated. Forty-four (89\u00b78%) of the reactional patients had erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) while only five (10\u00b72%) had reversal reaction (RR). Follow-up serum samples after corticosteroid treatment were also obtained from 17 of the patients with ENL and one with RR. A wide variability in cytokine levels was observed in the patient groups. However, IFN-\u03b3 and sIL-6R were elevated significantly in ENL compared to non-ENL patients. Levels of IFN-\u03b3, TNF-\u03b1 and sIL-6R declined significantly upon corticosteroid treatment of ENL. Thus, although the present study suggests limited applicability of serial measurement of IFN-\u03b3, TNF-\u03b1 and sIL-6R in monitoring treatment efficacy of ENL, reactions it recommends a search for a wider panel of more disease-specific markers in future studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2007.03485.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,12]],"date-time":"2010-08-12T14:23:07Z","timestamp":1281622987000},"page":"210-216","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Serum levels of interferon-\u03b3, tumour necrosis factor-\u03b1, soluble interleukin-6R and soluble cell activation markers for monitoring response to treatment of leprosy reactions"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"150","author":[{"given":"A","family":"Iyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Hatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Usman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Luiten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Oskam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KIT Biomedical Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W","family":"Faber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Geluk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022010406283915100_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15952-7","article-title":"Leprosy","volume":"363","author":"Britton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022010406283915100_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.60.4.1441-1446.1992","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor production in patients with leprosy","volume":"60","author":"Barnes","year":"1992","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2022010406283915100_b3","first-page":"235","article-title":"Defective intralesional interferon-gamma activity in patients with lepromatous leprosy","volume":"71","author":"Volc-Platzer","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2022010406283915100_b4","first-page":"749","article-title":"Immunohistologic assessment of cytokine production of infiltrating cells in various forms of leprosy","volume":"137","author":"Arnoldi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2022010406283915100_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1553522","article-title":"Defining protective responses to pathogens: cytokine profiles in leprosy lesions","volume":"255","author":"Yamamura","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2022010406283915100_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1159\/000421539","article-title":"Evidence for functional subsets of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in human disease: lymphokine patterns in leprosy","volume":"54","author":"Salgame","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chem Immunol"},{"key":"2022010406283915100_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4474","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.159.9.4474","article-title":"Reversal reaction in borderline leprosy is associated with a polarized shift to type 1-like Mycobacterium leprae T cell reactivity in lesional skin: a follow-up study","volume":"159","author":"Verhagen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2022010406283915100_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.1998.00634.x","article-title":"Lepromatous leprosy patients show T helper 1-like cytokine profile with differential expression of interleukin-10 during type 1 and 2 reactions","volume":"95","author":"Sreenivasan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"2022010406283915100_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.1998.00381.x","article-title":"Cytokines in leprosy, I. 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