{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T17:49:19Z","timestamp":1793641759500,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,14]],"date-time":"2011-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1300060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vitamin D3 (VD3) is a steroid hormone that regulates bone health and numerous aspects of immune function and may play a role in respiratory health. We hypothesized that T helper type 2 (Th2) disorders, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) would have VD3 deficiencies, resulting in increased mature dendritic cells (DCs) and bone erosion. We conducted a retrospective study examining VD3 levels in patients with AFRS (n\u2003=\u200314), CRSwNP (n\u2003=\u20039), chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) (n\u2003=\u200320) and cerebrospinal fluid leak repair (non-diseased controls) (n\u2003=\u200314) at time of surgery. Circulating immune cell levels were determined by immunostaining and flow cytometric analysis. Plasma VD3 and immune regulatory factors (granulocyte\u2013macrophage colony-stimulating factor and prostaglandin E2) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. It was observed that CRSwNP and AFRS demonstrated increased circulating DCs, while chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps displayed increased circulating macrophages. CRSwNP and AFRS were to found to have insufficient levels of VD3 which correlated inversely with circulating numbers of mature DCs, DC regulatory factors and bone erosion. CRSsNP displayed no change in circulating DC numbers or VD3 status compared to control, but did display increased numbers of circulating macrophages that was independent of VD3 status. Lastly, VD3 deficiency was associated with more severe bone erosion. Taken together, these results suggest support a role for VD3 as a key player in the immunopathology of CRSwNP and AFRS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2011.04325.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,14]],"date-time":"2011-03-14T15:02:53Z","timestamp":1300114973000},"page":"312-320","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Vitamin D3 correlates inversely with systemic dendritic cell numbers and bone erosion in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and allergic fungal rhinosinusitis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"164","author":[{"given":"J K","family":"Mulligan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rhinology & Sinus Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina"},{"name":"Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B S","family":"Bleier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rhinology & Sinus Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina"},{"name":"Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B","family":"O'Connell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rhinology & Sinus Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R M","family":"Mulligan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rhinology & Sinus Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina"},{"name":"Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R J","family":"Schlosser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC"},{"name":"Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021122708475962600_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200808-088RM","article-title":"Epithelium, inflammation, and immunity in the upper airways of humans: studies in chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"6","author":"Schleimer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"2021122708475962600_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2275","article-title":"Dendritic cells and epithelial cells: linking innate and adaptive immunity in asthma","volume":"8","author":"Hammad","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2021122708475962600_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.182.1.72","article-title":"Airway epithelial cells regulate the functional phenotype of locally differentiating dendritic cells: implications for the pathogenesis of infectious and allergic airway disease","volume":"182","author":"Rate","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2021122708475962600_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-9966-8_59","article-title":"Dendritic cells, obtained from peripheral blood precursors in the presence of PGE2, promote Th2 responses","volume":"417","author":"Kalinski","year":"1997","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"2021122708475962600_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2005.02321.x","article-title":"Dendritic cells in asthma: a function beyond sensitization","volume":"35","author":"van Rijt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"2021122708475962600_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2001.01021.x","article-title":"Expression of costimulatory CD80\/CD86-CD28\/CD152 molecules in nasal mucosa of patients with perennial allergic rhinitis","volume":"31","author":"Hattori","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"2021122708475962600_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3733","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.6.3733","article-title":"Macrophage polarization in bacterial infections","volume":"181","author":"Benoit","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2021122708475962600_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2528","article-title":"Trophic macrophages in development and disease","volume":"9","author":"Pollard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2021122708475962600_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2254","article-title":"Immunology of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"8","author":"Barnes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2021122708475962600_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1256","article-title":"Dendritic cells: emerging pharmacological targets of immunosuppressive drugs","volume":"4","author":"Hackstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2021122708475962600_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.2174\/1568010042634596","article-title":"Immunoregulation through 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its analogs","volume":"3","author":"May","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy"},{"key":"2021122708475962600_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.5.2405","article-title":"1 Alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits differentiation, maturation, activation, and survival of dendritic cells leading to impaired alloreactive T cell activation","volume":"164","author":"Penna","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2021122708475962600_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0803345","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 is an autonomous regulator of the transcriptional changes leading to a tolerogenic dendritic cell phenotype","volume":"182","author":"Szeles","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2021122708475962600_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1402.036","article-title":"Vitamin D in defense of the human immune response","volume":"1117","author":"Adams","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"2021122708475962600_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200808-1361OC","article-title":"Serum vitamin D levels and markers of severity of childhood asthma in Costa Rica","volume":"179","author":"Brehm","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2021122708475962600_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.08.028","article-title":"Is vitamin D deficiency to blame for the asthma epidemic?","volume":"120","author":"Litonjua","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2021122708475962600_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2008.560","article-title":"Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and upper respiratory tract infection in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"169","author":"Ginde","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2021122708475962600_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2007.01437.x","article-title":"Vitamin D serum levels and allergic rhinitis","volume":"62","author":"Wjst","year":"2007","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"2021122708475962600_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.05.038","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are lower in urban African American subjects with chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"122","author":"Pinto","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2021122708475962600_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2008.12.053","article-title":"Radiologic staging system for allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS)","volume":"140","author":"Wise","year":"2009","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"2021122708475962600_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2005.11.025","article-title":"Incidence of skull base and orbital erosion in allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) and non-AFRS","volume":"134","author":"Ghegan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"2021122708475962600_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1177\/019459989411100508","article-title":"Diagnosis of allergic fungal sinusitis","volume":"111","author":"Bent","year":"1994","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"2021122708475962600_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2010.02.008","article-title":"Low vitamin D status: definition, prevalence, consequences, and correction","volume":"39","author":"Binkley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"2021122708475962600_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2008.11.002","article-title":"Low serum 25 (OH) vitamin D levels (&lt;32 ng\/mL) are associated with reversible myositis\u2013myalgia in statin-treated patients","volume":"153","author":"Ahmed","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"key":"2021122708475962600_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01160308","article-title":"Vitamin D in health and disease","volume":"3","author":"Heaney","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2021122708475962600_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.71.3.445","article-title":"Constitutive and induced expression of DC-SIGN on dendritic cell and macrophage subpopulations in situ and in vitro","volume":"71","author":"Soilleux","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"2021122708475962600_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.2500\/ajr.2007.21.2998","article-title":"Immunolocalization of dendritic cells and pattern recognition receptors in chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"21","author":"Rampey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol"},{"key":"2021122708475962600_b28","first-page":"279","article-title":"DC-SIGN and immunoregulation","volume":"3","author":"Zhou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"2021122708475962600_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2010.10.011","article-title":"Allergen-specific pattern recognition receptor pathways","author":"Wills-Karp","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"2021122708475962600_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1845","article-title":"Dendritic cells in a mature age","volume":"6","author":"Reis e Sousa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2021122708475962600_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.8.2011072","article-title":"Differential role of CD80 and CD86 molecules in the induction and the effector phases of allergic rhinitis in mice","volume":"164","author":"Okano","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2021122708475962600_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2008.12.053","article-title":"Radiologic staging system for allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS)","volume":"140","author":"Wise","year":"2009","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"2021122708475962600_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2008.9984","article-title":"Does vitamin D make the world go \u2018round\u2019?","volume":"3","author":"Wagner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"key":"2021122708475962600_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.1.145","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 selectively modulates tolerogenic properties in myeloid but not plasmacytoid dendritic cells","volume":"178","author":"Penna","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2021122708475962600_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2009.03386.x","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2 and cysteinyl leukotriene concentrations in sputum: association with asthma severity and eosinophilic inflammation","volume":"40","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"2021122708475962600_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(03)01889-X","article-title":"Increased prostaglandin E2 concentrations and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in asthmatic subjects with sputum eosinophilia","volume":"112","author":"Profita","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2021122708475962600_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)90605-O","article-title":"Proinflammatory cytokines in acute asthma","volume":"338","author":"Brown","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021122708475962600_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8749(02)00565-8","article-title":"Attenuation of airway hyperresponsiveness in a murine asthma model by neutralization of granulocyte\u2013macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)","volume":"219","author":"Yamashita","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"2021122708475962600_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.1998.00380.x","article-title":"GM-CSF, IL-5 and RANTES immunoreactivity and mRNA expression in chronic hyperplastic sinusitis with nasal polyposis (NP)","volume":"28","author":"Hamilos","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"2021122708475962600_b40","first-page":"864","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D receptor gene alleles on bone loss in early rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"25","author":"Gough","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Experimental Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2249.2011.04325.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cei\/article-pdf\/164\/3\/312\/41909719\/j.1365-2249.2011.04325.x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cei\/article-pdf\/164\/3\/312\/41909719\/j.1365-2249.2011.04325.x.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T04:48:30Z","timestamp":1712292510000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cei\/article\/164\/3\/312\/6428995"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,14]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2011.04325.x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-9104","1365-2249"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-9104","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2249","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,14]]}}}