{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T21:51:52Z","timestamp":1782251512080,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,13]],"date-time":"2011-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1302652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>We were interested in the question of whether the congenital lack of B cells actually had any influence on the development of the T cell compartment in patients with agammaglobulinaemia. Sixteen patients with X-linked agammaglobulinaemia (XLA) due to mutations in Btk, nine patients affected by common variable immune deficiency (CVID) with &amp;lt;2% of peripheral B cells and 20 healthy volunteers were enrolled. The T cell phenotype was determined with FACSCalibur and CellQuest Pro software. Mann\u2013Whitney two-tailed analysis was used for statistical analysis. The CD4 T cell memory compartment was reduced in patients with XLA of all ages. This T cell subset encompasses both CD4+CD45RO+ and CD4+CD45RO+CXCR5+ cells and both subsets were decreased significantly when compared to healthy controls: P\u2003=\u20030\u00b7001 and P\u2003&amp;lt;\u20030\u00b70001, respectively. This observation was confirmed in patients with CVID who had &amp;lt;2% B cells, suggesting that not the lack of Bruton's tyrosine kinase but the lack of B cells is most probably the cause of the impaired CD4 T cell maturation. We postulate that this defect is a correlate of the observed paucity of germinal centres in XLA. Our results support the importance of the interplay between B and T cells in the germinal centre for the activation of CD4 T cells in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2011.04377.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,13]],"date-time":"2011-04-13T23:03:54Z","timestamp":1302735834000},"page":"381-387","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Importance of B cell co-stimulation in CD4+ T cell differentiation: X-linked agammaglobulinaemia, a human model"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"164","author":[{"given":"H","family":"Martini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Royal Free Hospital and University College London, UK"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, \u2018La Sapienza\u2019 University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V","family":"Enright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Royal Free Hospital and University College London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Perro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Royal Free Hospital and University College London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Workman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Royal Free Hospital and University College London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Birmelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Royal Free Hospital and University College London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Giorda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I","family":"Quinti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, \u2018La Sapienza\u2019 University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V","family":"Lougaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics Clinic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Baronio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Medicine \u2018A. 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