{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:50:18Z","timestamp":1792173018593,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,18]],"date-time":"2011-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1305676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>To elucidate further the possible role of the tryptophan, rate-limiting enzyme indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) in leprosy, the distribution of IDO-positive cells and IDO activity in the skin biopsies and sera of these patients representing the entire spectrum of the disease were studied. An increased number of macrophages\/dendritic cells (DC\u2013lineage IDO+ cells were found in lepromatous (LL) compared to tuberculoid (BT) and reversal reaction (RR) patients. IDO-positive cells showing CD68 and CD86 surface markers predominated in LL lesions, while higher levels of IDO activity were observed in the sera of LL versus BT patients. Tests revealed an increased IDO message in Mycobacterium leprae-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and increased IDO expression in M. leprae-stimulated CD14+ cells of both healthy controls (HC) and LL patients, as evaluated via flow cytometry. Increased M. leprae-induced IDO\u2013protein synthesis was also confirmed by Western blot. Based on our in vitro studies, it was confirmed that M. leprae up-regulated IDO expression and activity in HC and LL monocytes. Interferon (IFN)-\u03b3 synergized with M. leprae in promoting IDO expression and activity in monocytes. IDO expression induced by both IFN-\u03b3 and M. leprae was abrogated by 1-methyltryptophan (1-MT). Our data suggest that M. leprae chronic infection activates the suppressive molecule IDO which, in turn, contributes to the specific immunosuppression observed in LL leprosy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2011.04412.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,19]],"date-time":"2011-05-19T02:43:37Z","timestamp":1305773017000},"page":"251-263","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["The role of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase in lepromatous leprosy immunosuppression"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"165","author":[{"given":"J","family":"de Souza Sales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leprosy Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F A","family":"Lara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular Microbiology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz \u2013 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T P","family":"Amadeu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leprosy Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"de Oliveira Fulco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leprosy Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J A","family":"da Costa Nery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leprosy Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E P","family":"Sampaio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leprosy Laboratory"},{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R O","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leprosy Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E N","family":"Sarno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leprosy Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021122708473241700_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.162.3.917","article-title":"An analysis of in vitro T cell responsiveness in lepromatous leprosy","volume":"162","author":"Kaplan","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2021122708473241700_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5501","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.150.12.5501","article-title":"Immunosuppressive roles for IL-10 and IL-4 in human infection. 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