{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T11:28:46Z","timestamp":1765279726692},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,10]],"date-time":"2011-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1318204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Immunological dysfunction has been described to occur in chronic idiopathic urticaria (CIU), most notably in association with an inflammatory process. Some pharmacological agents as statins \u2013 drugs used in hypercholesterolaemia \u2013 display a broad effect on the immune response and thus should be tested in vitro in CIU. Our main objectives were to evaluate the effects of statins on the innate and adaptive immune response in CIU. Simvastatin or lovastatin have markedly inhibited the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) proliferative response induced by T and B cell mitogens, superantigen or recall antigen. Simvastatin arrested phytohaemaglutinin (PHA)-induced T cells at the G0\/G1 phase, inhibiting T helper type 1 (Th1), Th2, interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-17A cytokine secretion in both patients and healthy control groups. Up-regulation of suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS3) mRNA expression in PHA-stimulated PBMCs from CIU patients was not modified by simvastatin, in contrast to the enhancing effect in the control group. Statin exhibited a less efficient inhibition effect on cytokine production [IL-6 and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1\u03b1] induced by Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, to which a statin preincubation step was required. Furthermore, statin did not affect the tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1 secretion by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated PBMC or CD14+ cells in CIU patients. In addition, LPS-activated PBMC from CIU patients showed impaired indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) mRNA expression compared to healthy control, which remained at decreased levels with statin treatment. Statins exhibited a marked down-regulatory effect in T cell functions, but were not able to control TLR-4 activation in CIU patients. The unbalanced regulatory SOCS3 and IDO expressions in CIU may contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2011.04473.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,16]],"date-time":"2011-08-16T15:07:32Z","timestamp":1313507252000},"page":"291-298","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Statin effects on regulatory and proinflammatory factors in chronic idiopathic urticaria"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"166","author":[{"given":"M H","family":"Azor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies (LIM-56), Department of Dermatology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J C","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies (LIM-56), Department of Dermatology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E A","family":"Futata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies (LIM-56), Department of Dermatology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C A","family":"de Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies (LIM-56), Department of Dermatology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C W","family":"Maruta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatological Outpatient Clinic, Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas, Medical School of the University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E A","family":"Rivitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatological Outpatient Clinic, Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas, Medical School of the University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A 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