{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T07:36:19Z","timestamp":1791272179413,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,2]],"date-time":"2012-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1330646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>OTHER THEMES PUBLISHED IN THIS IMMUNOLOGY IN THE CLINIC REVIEW SERIES<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Metabolic diseases, host responses, cancer, autoinflammatory diseases, allergy.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Type 1 diabetes results from an interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Coxsackieviruses B (CV-B) are major environmental candidates, as suggested by epidemiological and experimental studies. The mechanisms leading to the disease involve interactions between the virus, host target tissue (pancreas) and the immune system. The infection of target cells with viruses can be prevented by antibodies. Conversely, the infection can be enhanced by antibodies. The antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection has been described with various viruses, especially Picornaviruses. In mice infected with CV-B3 this phenomenon resulted in an extended inflammatory reaction and myocarditis. In the human system non-neutralizing antibodies can increase the infection of monocytes with CV-B4 and stimulate the production of interferon (IFN)-\u03b1 by these cells in vitro. CV-B4\/immunoglobulin (Ig)G immune complexes interacted with a specific viral receptor [Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR)] and with IgG Fc fraction receptors (Fc\u03b3RII and Fc\u03b3RIII) at the surface of monocytes. The virus\u2013antibody complexes are internalized (CAR) and receptors for the Fc of IgG (Fc\u03b3RII and Fc\u03b3RIII). Such antibodies have been detected in patients with type 1 diabetes and they could be responsible for the presence of enteroviral RNA and IFN-\u03b1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of these individuals. The target of enhancing antibodies has been identified as the VP4 protein, which allowed the detection of these antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). It cannot be excluded that antibodies enhancing the infection with CV-B may play a role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, induced or aggravated by these viruses. They can cause a viral escape from the immune response and may participate in the spreading of viruses to \u03b2 cells. Whether enhancing antibodies raised against VP4 can play a role in iterative homologous and\/or heterologous CV-B infections and in the persistence of viruses within the host deserves further study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2011.04559.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,28]],"date-time":"2011-12-28T21:56:36Z","timestamp":1325109396000},"page":"47-51","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Immunology in the clinic review series; focus on type 1 diabetes and viruses: role of antibodies enhancing the infection with Coxsackievirus-B in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"168","author":[{"given":"D","family":"Hober","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Lille 2, CHRU Laboratoire de virologie EA3610, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F","family":"Sane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Lille 2, CHRU Laboratoire de virologie EA3610, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Ja\u00efdane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives, Facult\u00e9 de Pharmacie de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Riedweg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Lille 2, CHRU Laboratoire de virologie EA3610, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Goffard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Lille 2, CHRU Laboratoire de virologie EA3610, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Desailloud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UPJV CHU, Service d'Endocrinologie-Diab\u00e9tologie-Nutrition, Amiens, 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