{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T16:36:50Z","timestamp":1759941410843},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,3]],"date-time":"2004-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1102032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical Endocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold><jats:sc>objective<\/jats:sc>\u2002<\/jats:bold> Medroxyprogesterone (MP) was used as the progestogen in randomized clinical trials of postmenopausal hormone replacement on cardiovascular risk. To attempt to understand the lack of benefit in these trials, we have examined the effects of MP and two other progestogens, the less androgenic desogestrel (DG) and the more androgenic norethisterone (NE), on cardiovascular risk factors against a background of oestrogen therapy.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold><jats:sc>design and measurements<\/jats:sc>\u2002<\/jats:bold> Thirty\u2010four women were treated with conjugated equine oestrogens (CEE) 0\u00b7625\u00a0mg daily alone for 12\u00a0weeks, followed in random order by each of the three progestogens (DG 75\u00a0\u00b5g, MP 10\u00a0mg and NE 1\u00a0mg daily) given sequentially for three 12\u2010week cycles while maintaining the same CEE treatment. We measured serum lipoproteins, paraoxonase activity, C\u2010reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, fasting glucose and insulin levels at baseline, at the end of the oestrogen\u2010only phase and at the end of each of the combined oestrogen and progestogen phases.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold><jats:sc>results<\/jats:sc>\u2002<\/jats:bold> The addition of progestogens to CEE maintained the oestrogen\u2010induced reduction in apolipoprotein\u00a0B (apo\u00a0B) and lipoprotein\u00a0(a) [Lp(a)], and further lowered total cholesterol (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00\u00b701) and fibrinogen (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00\u00b7001). CEE raised serum triglyceride (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00\u00b7001) and CRP (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00\u00b701) concentrations, which reverted towards pre\u2010oestrogen levels with progestogens. Progestogens significantly reduced high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00\u00b705). NE was associated with the greatest reduction in HDL cholesterol and apo\u00a0A1, but was most effective in preserving paraoxonase activity and reducing the potentially unfavourable oestrogen\u2010induced increases in triglycerides and CRP.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold><jats:sc>conclusion<\/jats:sc>\u2002<\/jats:bold> Preconceptions that more androgenic progestogens necessarily have more unfavourable effects on cardiovascular risk factors may require revision.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2004.02166.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,3]],"date-time":"2004-12-03T09:34:20Z","timestamp":1102066460000},"page":"760-767","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Progestogens of varying androgenicity and cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women receiving oestrogen replacement therapy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"See","family":"Kwok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter L.","family":"Selby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"McElduff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Laing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bharti","family":"Mackness","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael I.","family":"Mackness","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hilary","family":"Prais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allen P.","family":"Yates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul N.","family":"Durrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F. 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