{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T08:29:52Z","timestamp":1792657792870,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,18]],"date-time":"2006-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1153180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical Endocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Male hypogonadism is one of the most frequent, but also most underdiagnosed, endocrinopathies. However, the required testosterone treatment is simple and very effective if properly administered. Although testosterone has been available for clinical use for seven decades, until quite recently the treatment modalities were far from ideal. Subdermal testosterone pellets require minor surgery for insertion and often cause local problems. The injectable testosterone enanthate, for a long period the most frequently used mode of administration, lasts for two to four weeks, but produces supraphysiological levels initially and low levels before the next injection. The oral testosterone undecanoate has to be taken three times daily, has an uncertain absorption pattern and results in peaks and valleys of serum testosterone levels throughout the day. With the advent of transdermal testosterone preparations, the desired physiological serum levels could be achieved for the first time. Scrotal testosterone patches were the first to fulfil this requirement. These were followed by nonscrotal skin patches, which, however, cause considerable skin reactions including erythema and blisters. Recently introduced, invisible transdermal testosterone gels increased the intervals of application and are now slowly replacing other modalities. A mucoadhesive buccal testosterone tablet with sustained release is also a recent competing modality. Finally, injectable testosterone undecanoate in castor oil was made into a real depot preparation requiring only four injections per year for replacement therapy. These new preparations with a desired pharmacokinetic testosterone profile give the patient a real choice and make treatment easier. Based on pharmacogenetic considerations taking the androgen receptor polymorphism into account, treatment may be individualized for each patient in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02618.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,18]],"date-time":"2006-07-18T20:13:03Z","timestamp":1153253583000},"page":"275-281","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Testosterone treatment comes of age: new options for hypogonadal men"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Eberhard","family":"Nieschlag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","unstructured":"Berthold A.A.(1849)Transplantation der Hoden.Archiv f\u00fcr Anatomie Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin 42\u201346."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","first-page":"1183","article-title":"Sur la d\u00e9termination des caract\u00e8res sexuels secondaires chez les gallinace\u00e9s","volume":"154","author":"P\u00e9zard A.","year":"1912","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S\u00e9ances de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie des Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-13-4-367"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/bchm2.1935.233.5-6.281"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/bchm2.1935.237.1-3.89"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hlca.193501801176"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_2","first-page":"1225","volume-title":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes","author":"Nieschlag E.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)41059-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-71-1-216"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1996.tb02061.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0143"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1997.2521050.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_2","first-page":"405","volume-title":"Testosterone: Action, Deficiency, Substitution","author":"Behre H.M.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-351X(98)80305-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.1989.tb01312.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_2","first-page":"389","article-title":"Long\u2010acting steroids in reproduction","volume":"13","author":"Junkmann K.","year":"1957","journal-title":"Recent Progress in Hormone Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)44543-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006254-195610000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-66353-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_2","first-page":"11","article-title":"The history of anabolic steroids and a review of clinical experience with anabolic steroids","volume":"271","author":"Kopera H.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinologica Supplement"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021960"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-022043"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511545221.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac051317q"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CSMR.0000306213.87433.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)53172-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511545221.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3459","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.10.6122","article-title":"Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs): a novel approach to androgen therapy for the new millennium","volume":"84","author":"Negro\u2010Vilar A.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpendmet0120"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511545221.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-0627"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_2","first-page":"366","article-title":"Plasma androgen levels in men after oral administration of testosterone or testosterone undecanoate","volume":"79","author":"Nieschlag E.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_2","first-page":"456","article-title":"Saliva and serum testosterone following oral testosterone undecanoate administration in normal and hypogonadal men","volume":"102","author":"Sch\u00fcrmeyer T.H.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.23.3.319.32104"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_2","first-page":"685","volume-title":"Testosterone: Action, Deficiency, Substitution","author":"Nieschlag E.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(03)00577-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.80.8.2394"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.75.5.1204"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_2","volume-title":"Guidelines for the Use of Androgens","author":"Nieschlag E.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_2","first-page":"7","article-title":"Substitution therapy of hypogonadal men with transdermal testosterone over one year","volume":"118","author":"Bals\u2010Pratsch M.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-00814-0_9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1999.00705.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.84.6.1966"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.84.8.2647"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.81.5.1832"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.84.10.3469"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1999.00596.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2002.01529.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.85.12.4500"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2001.01271.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021058"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.2003.04016.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-032006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00063030-200317040-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.01964"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1460673"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031866"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030319"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_60_2","first-page":"28","article-title":"The therapeutic effect of domestically produced testosterone undecanoate in Klinefelter syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Wang L.","year":"1991","journal-title":"New Drugs Market"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1320514"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1400414"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1999.00881.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2002.tb02249.x","article-title":"Treatment of male hypogonadism with testosterone undecanoate injected at extended intervals of 12 weeks: a phase II study","volume":"23","author":"Von Eckardstein S.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Andrology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0897"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_66_2","first-page":"P178","article-title":"Longterm experience of more than 8 years with a novel formulation of testosterone undecanoate (Nebido) in substitution therapy of hypogonadal men","volume":"11","author":"Zitzmann M.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrine Abstracts"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.2.8218","article-title":"An effective hormonal male contraceptive using testosterone undecanoate with oral or injectable norethisterone preparations","volume":"87","author":"Kamischke A.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2003.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1852"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2005.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020447"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030808"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_73_2","volume-title":"Testosterone and Aging: Clinical Research Directions.","author":"Board on Health Science Policies","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511545221.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmh035"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra022251"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2005.00553.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2001.01391.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4867","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.10.7889","article-title":"The CAG repeat polymorphism in the androgen receptor gene affects high density lipoprotein cholesterol and arterial vasoreactivity","volume":"86","author":"Zitzmann M.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-002-0980-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00537.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1424"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0432"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021947"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2005.10123.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_86_2","first-page":"109","article-title":"Testosterone substitution: current modalities and perspectives","volume":"3","author":"Zitzmann M.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Reproductive Medicine and Endocrinology"}],"container-title":["Clinical Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2265.2006.02618.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02618.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]],"date-time":"2024-02-05T11:56:29Z","timestamp":1707134189000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02618.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,18]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02618.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02618.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-0664","1365-2265"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-0664","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2265","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,18]]}}}