{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:59:31Z","timestamp":1791381571851,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,8]],"date-time":"2007-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1168214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical Endocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    Traumatic brain injury, which is a frequent and a worldwide important public health problem, may result in pituitary dysfunction. Concussion, a common type of lesion after traumatic brain injury, is an injury associated with sports including boxing and kickboxing. Kickboxing is one of the most popular martial arts and approximately 1\u2010million people around the world participate in kickboxing sport. Head is the most common site of injury in amateur and professional kickboxers. Pituitary consequences of chronic repetitive head trauma in kickboxing have not been investigated until now. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the pituitary function in both retired and active amateur kickboxers.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Patients and Design\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    Twenty\u2010two amateur kickboxers who have boxed in national and international championships (16 men, 6 women) with a mean age of 27\u00b73\u00a0\u00b1\u00a07\u00b71\u00a0years, and 22 age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched healthy controls were included in the study. Basal hormone levels were obtained from the participants. To assess GH\u2010IGF\u2010I axis, GHRH + GHRP\u20106 test and glucagon stimulation tests were used. Hypothalamo\u2010pituitary\u2010adrenal axis was assessed by glucagon stimulation test.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    When mean basal hormone levels were compared between kickboxers and the controls, IGF\u2010I level was significantly lower in kickboxers (\n                    <jats:italic>P\u00a0&lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a00\u00b705). Five (22\u00b77%) and two (9\u00b71%) of the 22 kickboxers had GH deficiency had ACTH deficiency, respectively. There were significant negative correlations between IGF\u2010I levels and age, duration of sports and number of bouts (\n                    <jats:italic>P\u00a0&lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a00\u00b705).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    Present data clearly demonstrate for the first time that amateur kickboxing is a novel cause of hypopituitarism and kickboxers are at a risk for hypopituitarism especially isolated GH deficiency. Therefore, participants of the combative sports who were exposed to chronic repetitive head trauma need to be screened.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02737.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,8]],"date-time":"2007-01-08T04:22:50Z","timestamp":1168230170000},"page":"360-366","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["Kickboxing sport as a new cause of traumatic brain injury\u2010mediated hypopituitarism"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Fatih","family":"Tanriverdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kursad","family":"Unluhizarci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bekir","family":"Coksevim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Selcuklu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe F.","family":"Casanueva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahrettin","family":"Kelestimur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.93.5.0743"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2004.02094.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2476"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.30.7.683"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.10.974"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-006-6051-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/026990597123205"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000065523"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","first-page":"307","article-title":"Cerebral concussion: causes, effects, and risks in sports","volume":"36","author":"Powell J.W.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Athletic Training"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.35.5.308"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.37.5.448"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","first-page":"52","article-title":"Increased diffusion in the brain of professional boxers: a preclinical sign of traumatic brain injury?","volume":"24","author":"Zhang L.","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Journal of Neuroradiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03345299"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","unstructured":"International Kickboxing Federation.Rules and regulations.http:\/\/www.ikfkickboxing.com\/RulesMain.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S72","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659602406S21","article-title":"Trauma epidemiology in the martial arts. 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