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In infertile women, the prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is significantly higher compared to parous age\u2010matched women. This is especially the case in women with endometriosis and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). AITD does not interfere with normal foetal implantation and comparable pregnancy rates have been observed after assisted reproductive technology (ART) in women with and without AITD. During the first trimester, however, pregnant women with AITD carry a significantly increased risk for miscarriage compared to women without AITD, even when euthyroidism was present before pregnancy. It has also been demonstrated that controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) in preparation for ART has a significant impact on thyroid function, particularly in women with AITD. It is therefore advisable to measure thyroid function and detect AITD in infertile women before ART, and to follow\u2010up these parameters after COH and during pregnancy when AITD was initially present. Women with thyroid dysfunction at early gestation stages should be treated with <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010thyroxine to avoid pregnancy complications. Whether thyroid hormones should be given prior to or during pregnancy in euthyroid women with AITD remains controversial. To date, there is a lack of well\u2010designed randomized clinical trials to elucidate this controversy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.02752.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,15]],"date-time":"2007-01-15T14:11:09Z","timestamp":1168870269000},"page":"309-321","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":194,"title":["Thyroid disease and female 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