{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,14]],"date-time":"2026-11-14T10:05:05Z","timestamp":1794650705228,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,16]],"date-time":"2009-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1234742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical Endocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The evidence for the existence of testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS) is presented in this review. Several epidemiological studies have shown that conditions like cryptorchidism, impaired spermatogenesis, hypospadias and testicular cancer can be associated as risk factors for each other. Thus, the risk of testis cancer is significantly increased in men with cryptorchidism and\/or infertility. Several recent studies point towards early dysgenesis of the foetal testis as the biological link between these disorders. Dysgenesis has been demonstrated in biopsies of the contralateral testis of men with testis cancer and in infertile men. The histological evidence includes immature seminiferous tubules with undifferentiated Sertoli cells, microliths and Sertoli\u2010cell only tubules. Dysgenetic testes often have an irregular ultrasound pattern, where microliths may also be visible. Our current hypothesis is that maternal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals may contribute to the pathogenesis of TDS. Animal experiments have shown that all TDS symptoms, except testicular cancer, can be induced by foetal exposure to anti\u2010androgenic chemicals. However, the cause of TDS in humans remains to be determined.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2009.03545.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,16]],"date-time":"2009-02-16T05:17:50Z","timestamp":1234761470000},"page":"459-465","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":169,"title":["Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: foetal origin of adult reproductive problems"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Christine","family":"Wohlfahrt\u2010Veje","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina M.","family":"Main","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niels Erik","family":"Skakkeb\u00e6k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.5.972"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7262.2007.00243.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000095793.04232.d8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000023412"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","first-page":"235","article-title":"The fine structure of possible carcinoma\u2010in\u2010situ in the seminiferous tubules in the testis of four infertile men","volume":"82","author":"Nielsen H.","year":"1974","journal-title":"Acta pathologica et microbioogica Scandinavica"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.1987.tb00161.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmk006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0463.2003.11101031.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2633"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2005.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2007.00241.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2007.00797.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpuro0964"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2006.05.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/del279"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0463.2003.1110104.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deg273"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.12.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI34241"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.2157.13.12","article-title":"Testicular cancer incidence in eight northern European countries: secular and recent trends","volume":"13","author":"Richiardi L.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2007.00798.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000177491.98461.aa"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15998-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0302"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/88.11.727"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7029.467"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.305.6854.609"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108961"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0463.2001.090502.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.1996.tb00427.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2005.00635.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)10514-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2007.00853.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2005.00577.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_2","unstructured":"Danish Fertility Society(2007) Year Report 2007 Danish Fertility Society. 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