{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:17:30Z","timestamp":1769991450202,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,18]],"date-time":"2009-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1261094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical Endocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hypopituitarism is not currently considered as a potential cause of immune disruption in humans. Accumulating data from <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and animal models support a role for the pituitary gland in immune regulation. Furthermore, the increased mortality risk noted in patients with adult hypopituitarism remains poorly explained and immune dysfunction could conceivably contribute to this observation. In a recent issue of <jats:italic>Clinical &amp; Experimental Immunology<\/jats:italic>, we presented new data relating to immune status in adults with treated, severe hypopituitarism. We observed humoral immune deficiency in a significant proportion, despite stable pituitary replacement, including growth hormone (GH). This was especially evident in those with low pretreatment IGF\u2010I levels and appeared independent of anticonvulsant use or corticosteroid replacement. These observations require substantiation with future studies. In this short review, we summarize existing data relating to the effects of pituitary hormones on immune function and discuss potential clinical implications surrounding the hypothesis of immune dysregulation in severe hypopituitarism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2009.03751.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,18]],"date-time":"2009-12-18T14:45:06Z","timestamp":1261147506000},"page":"425-431","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Immune function in hypopituitarism: time to reconsider?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Annice","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Helbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Shalet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1690429"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.21.3.292"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1810"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-978759"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.134.5.2108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2005.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-2-51"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.20468"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_2","first-page":"530","article-title":"Immunodeficiency in hypophysectomized rats","volume":"89","author":"Nagy E.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinologica (Copenh)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_2","first-page":"506","article-title":"Regulation of humoral immunity in rats by pituitary hormones","volume":"98","author":"Berczi I.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinologica (Copenh)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-128-6-2776"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-17-1-64"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_2","first-page":"30","article-title":"Protein hormones and immunity","volume":"30","author":"Kelley K.W.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain, Behavior, and Immunity"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1490351"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_2","first-page":"351","article-title":"Regulation of immunity in rats by lactogenic and growth hormones","volume":"102","author":"Nagy E.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinologica (Copenh)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(93)90360-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_2","first-page":"639","article-title":"Extrapituitary prolactin: distribution, regulation, functions, and clinical aspects","volume":"17","author":"Ben\u2010Jonathan N.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocrine Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-215-44111"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.19.3.0334"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2000.80.4.1523"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/rp.57.1.435"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-51-5-1058"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20110","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54897-3","article-title":"A prolactin\u2010dependent immune cell line (Nb2) expresses a mutant form of prolactin receptor","volume":"266","author":"Ali S.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_2","first-page":"217","article-title":"Hormones and immunological capacity. II. Reconstitution of antibody production in hormonally deficient mice by somatotropic hormone, thyrotropic hormone and thyroxin","volume":"16","author":"Pierpaoli W.","year":"1969","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1996.tb16238.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1642-431X(12)60091-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2007-0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/107999001750133159"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/284555a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-0760(95)00034-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_2","first-page":"169","article-title":"Immune system in adults with childhood\u2010onset growth hormone deficiency: effect of growth hormone therapy","volume":"34","author":"Lebl J.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrine Regulations"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000182708"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03343975"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1330635"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2007.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2558","article-title":"A mutant signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b, associated with growth hormone insensitivity and insulin\u2010like growth factor\u2010I deficiency, cannot function as a signal transducer or transcription factor","volume":"91","author":"Fang P.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_2","first-page":"1095","article-title":"Prolactin, pregnancy and autoimmune disease","volume":"20","author":"Berczi I.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Rheumatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000097168"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000097335"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.18.2.0296"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(00)00303-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-1878(200103)23:3<288::AID-BIES1039>3.0.CO;2-P"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200316530"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-217-44251"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200110)44:10<2358::AID-ART399>3.0.CO;2-K"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1568-9972(02)00081-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-005-5082-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(93)90120-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199212000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/78.1.97"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jaut.1995.0033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj1954.38.517"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-007-0824-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03343834"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1994.tb00844.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2008-0399"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0337600100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra020529"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800560315"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(83)90193-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2009.03881.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03138.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Prevention of Pneumococcal Disease: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)","author":"CDC.gov","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_2","first-page":"289","article-title":"Antibody levels and response to pneumococcal vaccine in steroid\u2010dependent asthma. Recurrent infection, chronic diarrhea, and failure to thrive in a seven\u2010month\u2010old infant","volume":"70","author":"Lahood N.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Annals of Allergy"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2004.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kei193"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(92)90323-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-203-43622"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-202-43545"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/383726a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1570187"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2001.01406.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)91812-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04006-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.81.3.1169"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1997.d01-1749.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.85.4.1420"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2491"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2138"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_2","first-page":"2730","article-title":"Mortality and cancer incidence in acromegaly: a retrospective cohort study. United Kingdom Acromegaly Study Group","volume":"83","author":"Orme S.M.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"}],"container-title":["Clinical Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2265.2009.03751.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2009.03751.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T13:19:57Z","timestamp":1698758397000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2009.03751.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,18]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2009.03751.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2009.03751.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-0664","1365-2265"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-0664","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2265","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,18]]}}}