{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T08:16:57Z","timestamp":1788337017928,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,7]],"date-time":"2011-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1323216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical Endocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Background\u2002<\/jats:bold> Hypogonadism in Prader\u2013Willi syndrome (PWS) is generally attributed to hypothalamic dysfunction or to primary gonadal defect, but pathophysiology is still unclear.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Objectives\u2002<\/jats:bold> To investigate the aetiology of hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013gonadal axis dysfunction in PWS males.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods\u2002<\/jats:bold> Clinical examination and blood sampling for luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle\u2010stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone, inhibin B and sexhormone\u2013binding globulin (SHBG) were performed in 34 PWS patients, age 5\u00b71\u201342\u00b77\u2003years, and in 125 healthy males of same age range. All participants were divided into two groups : &lt; or \u226513\u00b75\u2003years.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2002<\/jats:bold> Pubertal PWS patients showed an arrest of pubertal development. Patients &lt;13\u00b75\u2003years had normal LH, FSH, testosterone and 7\/10 had low inhibin B. Among those \u226513\u00b75\u2003years, 8\/24 patients had normal LH and testosterone, high FSH and low inhibin B. 5\/24 had low FSH, LH, testosterone and inhibin B; one showed normal LH and FSH despite low testosterone and inhibin B; 4\/24 had low testosterone and LH but normal FSH despite low inhibin B; 6\/24 showed high FSH, low inhibin B and normal LH despite low testosterone. Compared with controls, patients &lt;13\u00b75\u2003years had lower LH, inhibin B, similar FSH, testosterone, SHBG levels and testicular volume; those \u226513\u00b75\u2003years had smaller testicular volume, near\u2010significantly lower LH, testosterone, SHBG, inhibin B and higher FSH.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion\u2002<\/jats:bold> PWS patients display heterogeneity of hypogonadism: (i) hypogonadotropic hypogonadism of central origin for LH and\/or FSH; (ii) early primary testicular dysfunction (Sertoli cells damage); and (iii) a combined hypogonadism (testicular origin for FSH\u2010inhibin B axis and central origin for LH\u2010T axis).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2011.04161.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,30]],"date-time":"2011-06-30T18:59:45Z","timestamp":1309460385000},"page":"72-77","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Multiple forms of hypogonadism of central, peripheral or combined origin in males with Prader\u2013Willi syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"A. 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