{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T18:53:06Z","timestamp":1770144786685,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,28]],"date-time":"2006-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1154044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13844,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Soil Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1968,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The 7th Approximation suffers from three fundamental ills. It demands an unattainable degree of precision and its exactly defined, mutually exclusive classes lead to inconsistency or absurdity when the system is used. Logical division is used out of context to construct a hierarchical structure, while the dispersed nature of soil distribution does not lend itself to hierarchical arrangement in any form. Its search for genetically significant properties on which to define classes involves circular reasoning, since the genetic significance of a property can usually be discovered only after the soils have been classified.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Mutual exclusion and rigid adherence to the hierarchy result in the system failing to serve adequately the requirements of soil survey. The 7th Approximation explores to the limit the potential of logical division for soil classification yet remains unsatisfactory. The nature of soil distribution and the requirements demanded of soil classification suggest that a co\u2010ordinate system would be more profitable, and a study of such systems is urged.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2389.1968.tb01546.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,28]],"date-time":"2006-07-28T22:08:08Z","timestamp":1154124488000},"page":"354-366","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["FUNDAMENTAL OBJECTIONS TO THE 7TH APPROXIMATION"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"WEBSTER","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"The logic of modern physics","author":"Bridgeman P. W.","year":"1927"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","article-title":"Report on 7th approximation soil classification system of the United States Department of Agriculture","volume":"1","author":"Butler B. E.","year":"1961","journal-title":"Austr. Soc. Soil Sci. Publ. No."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.1958.tb00819.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-194902000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Logic of the new system of classification","volume":"95","author":"Cline M. G.","year":"1963","journal-title":"Ibid."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2389.1953.tb00649.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"149","article-title":"Soil classification: a comparison of the American and the French systems","volume":"14","author":"Duchaufour P.","year":"1963","journal-title":"Ibid."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/202849a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"1040","article-title":"A taxonomic problem","volume":"139","author":"Gilmour J. S. L.","year":"1937","journal-title":"Ibid."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Elementary lessons in logic","author":"Jevons W. S.","year":"1870"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"An introduction to logic","author":"Joseph H. W. B.","year":"1916"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1965.03615995002900010024x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"The soils of Europe","author":"Kubiena W. 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