{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T04:11:10Z","timestamp":1773202270066,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,26]],"date-time":"2004-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1093478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Histopathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Aims<\/jats:bold> :\u2002To analyse 90 vulvar and 72 penile cases of lichen sclerosus (LS) on haematoxylin and eosin sections for vascular changes and the vascular infiltrates immunohistochemically with antibodies to T cells, B cells and antigen\u2010presenting dendritic cells. LS is a skin disease of presumed autoimmune origin. Autoimmune diseases are mediated by lymphocytes which occasionally produce a lymphocytic vasculitis.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods and results<\/jats:bold> :\u2002Three types of lymphocytic infiltrates were identified: (i) perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates without damage to vessel walls; (ii) lymphocytic vasculitis in three forms: (a) concentric lymphohistiocytic infiltrates with lamination of the adventitia by basement membrane material which was typical for penile LS; (b) lymphocytic vasculitis with dense perivascular lymphocytic cuffing with occasional fibrin deposition in vessel walls and subendothelial lymphocyte infiltration, quite common in vulvar LS; and (c) intramural lymphocytic infiltrates in large muscular vessels; (iii) leukocytoclastic vasculitis in LS was exceptionally rare. In lymphocytic vasculitis, CD20+ B cells, CD4+ T cells and dendritic cells were the principal infiltrating cells.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold> :\u2002Dendritic cells capture (foreign) antigens after entry into the affected tissues and initiate immune responses acting as a matrix on which antigen\u2010specific T and B cells interact. The described vascular features are indicative of antigen\u2010mediated vasculitic changes in LS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2004.01929.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,25]],"date-time":"2004-12-25T17:34:07Z","timestamp":1103996047000},"page":"237-244","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Vasculitis in lichen sclerosus: an under recognized feature?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"S","family":"Regauer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B","family":"Liegl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"O","family":"Reich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Beham\u2010Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1988.tb01748.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2000.03360.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5936.78"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2000.00040.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64924-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_2","first-page":"433","article-title":"Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the vulva","volume":"55","author":"Gottschalk HR","year":"1957","journal-title":"Arch. Derm. (Chic.)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01828558"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_2","first-page":"247","article-title":"Gef\u00e4\u00dfver\u00e4nderungen beim Lichen sclerosus","volume":"247","author":"Hundeicker M","year":"1973","journal-title":"Arch. Derm. Forsch."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_2","first-page":"844","article-title":"Clinicopathologic comparison of vulvar and extragenital lichen sclerosus: histologic variants, evolving lesions, and etiology of 141 cases","volume":"11","author":"Carlson JA","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000372-200008000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_2","first-page":"72","article-title":"Cutaneous lymphocytic vasculitis: a definition, a review, and a proposed classification","volume":"13","author":"Carlson LA","year":"1996","journal-title":"Semin. Diagnos. Pathol., Cutan. 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