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Results indicate that monocytes and T lymphocytes from acute VL patients show a significantly higher level of apoptosis compared with that observed in healed subjects. The percentage of apoptotic cells was higher in monocytes than in T lymphocytes. T cells involved in programmed cell death (PCD) were mainly of the CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> phenotype. In particular, the T helper 1\u2010type (Th1) subset, as evaluated by chemokine receptor\u20105 (CCR5) expression, is involved in this process. Cell death in Th1\u2010type uses a CD95\u2010mediated mechanism. Furthermore, Th1\u2010type CCR5<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells are prone to cell suicide in an autocrine or paracrine way, as attested by enhanced expression of CD95L in acute VL patients. The reduction in Th1\u2010type cells by apoptosis was confirmed by the decrease in interferon\u2010\u03b3 secretion. In conclusion, apoptosis of monocytes, CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\u2003CCR5<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells could be involved in the failure of cell mediated immunity that is responsible for severe immune\u2010depression in VL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2004.01948.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,17]],"date-time":"2004-09-17T15:20:30Z","timestamp":1095434430000},"page":"260-268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["CD4<sup>+<\/sup>\u2003CCR5<sup>+<\/sup> and CD4<sup>+<\/sup>\u2003CCR3<sup>+<\/sup> lymphocyte subset and monocyte apoptosis in patients with acute visceral 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