{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T02:16:00Z","timestamp":1793153760582,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,12]],"date-time":"2006-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1147392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lyme borreliosis is a tick\u2010borne disease often manifesting as a circular skin lesion. This cutaneous form of the disease is known as erythema migrans. In a 5\u2010year follow\u2010up study in southern Sweden, 31 of 708 individuals initially diagnosed with erythema migrans and treated with antibiotics were found to be reinfected with <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>. Although men and women were tick\u2010bitten to the same extent, 27 of the 31 reinfected individuals were women, all of whom were over 44\u2003years of age. The aim of this study was to determine whether this discrepancy in gender distribution could be a result of differences in immunological response. Twenty single\u2010infected and 21 reinfected women and 18 single\u2010infected and three reinfected men were included in the study. None of the participants showed any sign of an ongoing <jats:italic>B.\u2003burgdorferi <\/jats:italic>infection, and thus the habitual response was captured. Lymphocytes were separated from blood and stimulated with antigens. The secretion of interleukin (IL)\u20104, IL\u20106, IL\u201010, interferon (IFN)\u2010\u03b3 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)\u2010\u03b1 was measured by enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent spot\u2010forming cell assay (ELISPOT) or Immulite. No difference was detected in cytokine secretion between single\u2010infected and reinfected individuals. We also compared the immunological response in men and women, regardless of the number of <jats:italic>B.\u2003burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> infections. Women displayed a significantly higher spontaneous secretion of all cytokines measured. The ratios of IL\u20104:IFN\u2010\u03b3 and IL\u201010:TNF\u2010\u03b1 were significantly higher in women. Gender differences in immune reactivity might in part explain the higher incidence of reinfection in women. The higher IL\u20104:IFN\u2010\u03b3 and IL\u201010:TNF\u2010\u03b1 ratios seen in women indicate that postmenopausal women have T helper type 2 (Th2)\u2010directed reactivity with impaired inflammatory responses which might inhibit the elimination of spirochetes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2006.02360.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,12]],"date-time":"2006-05-12T15:19:04Z","timestamp":1147447144000},"page":"224-235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Lyme borreliosis reinfection: might it be explained by a gender difference in immune 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