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In the present study, the expression and function of TLR1\u2013TLR10 were characterized in purified human tonsillar B cells, focusing on differences among CD19<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\u2003CD38<jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup>\u2003CD27<jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup> (na\u00efve B cells), CD19<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\u2003IgD<jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup>\u2003CD27<jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup>[germinal centre (GC) B cells] and CD19<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\u2003CD38<jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup> CD27<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> (memory B cells) cells. The study was also designed to compare the TLR expression in B cells obtained from infected and hyperplastic tonsils that served as controls. The results demonstrated a distinct repertoire of TLRs, in which TLR1, TLR2, TLR7, TLR9 and TLR10 predominated. No differences were found among na\u00efve, GC and memory B cells. Tonsillar infection did not substantially alter the TLR expression profile in <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\u2010isolated B\u2010cell subsets. Purified CD19<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> B cells stimulated with Pam<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>CSK<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>, R\u2010837 and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) 2006, via TLR1\/TLR2, TLR7 and TLR9, respectively, showed an induction of interleukin\u20106 secretion and an up\u2010regulated expression of human leucocyte antigen (HLA)\u2010DR. Collectively, the present study demonstrates that B cells exhibit constitutively high levels of specific TLRs, which are not developmentally regulated during the B\u2010cell differentiation process. Ongoing microbial infections, such as chronic tonsillitis, do not appear to affect the TLR profile in B cells. Furthermore, the distinct expression of TLRs allows B cells to respond directly to the cognate PAMPs. This further emphasizes the role of TLRs in directly activating adaptive immune cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2006.02392.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,16]],"date-time":"2006-06-16T16:14:42Z","timestamp":1150474482000},"page":"539-548","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["A distinct Toll\u2010like receptor repertoire in human tonsillar B cells, directly activated by Pam<sub>3<\/sub>CSK<sub>4<\/sub>, R\u2010837 and CpG\u20102006 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