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These cytoplasmic molecules were found to translocate to the cell surface within a few minutes following cross\u2010linking (X\u2010L) of Mac\u20101: an early neutrophil activation signal. In this study we have compared X\u2010L of Mac \u22121 in parallel with four other well documented <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> neutrophil activators: phorbol myristate acetate, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010formyl methionyl leucyl phenylalanine, lipopolysaccharide, and phagocytosis of immunoglobulin G\u2013Latex particles. In addition, we have used paired samples of neutrophils obtained from peripheral blood (as a control) and synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis as a source of <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> activated cells. With the exception of phagocytosis, all activators resulted in the rapid (within 30\u2003min) generation of two populations of activated neutrophils (designated P1 and P2) based on flow\u2010cytometry measurements of size, granularity and phenotype. Significant up\u2010regulation of DR and costimulatory molecules was observed, predominantly on P2 cells, with all activators except phagocytosis. CD80 and CD86 were noted to respond to the various activation signals in a different pattern suggesting that their intracellular granule location may be different. Dual\u2010staining confocal laser microscopy studies showed that CD80 is largely confined to secretory vesicles (SVs) while CD86 appears to have a much wider distribution being found in SVs and within secondary (specific) and primary (azurophilic) granules. Increased surface expression of these antigens was also observed on P2 synovial fluid neutrophils appearing as large heterogeneous clusters on the cell surface when visualized by confocal laser microscopy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2006.02471.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,11]],"date-time":"2006-10-11T20:50:26Z","timestamp":1160599826000},"page":"562-571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Major histocompatibility complex class II (DR) antigen and costimulatory molecules on <i>in vitro<\/i> and <i>in vivo<\/i> activated human polymorphonuclear neutrophils"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"Gavin 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