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Clearly, knowledge of mechanism of action is important when considering molecules for use in treating disease and although much is known regarding how ES\u201062 interacts with the immune system, gaps in our understanding remain. A feature of filarial nematode infection is a defective, T helper 2 (Th2)\u2010polarized antigen\u2010specific T\u2010cell response and in relation to this we have recently shown that ES\u201062 inhibits clonal expansion and modulates effector function towards a Th2 phenotype, of antigen\u2010specific T cells <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. ES\u201062 is also known to directly modulate B\u2010cell behaviour and hence to determine whether it was mediating these effects on T cells by disrupting B\u2013T\u2010cell co\u2010operation, we have investigated antigen\u2010specific responses using an adoptive transfer system in which traceable numbers of tg ovalbumin (OVA)\u2010specific T cells and hen egg lysozyme (HEL)\u2010specific B cells respond to a chemically coupled form of OVA\u2013HEL that contains linked epitopes that promote cognate T\u2010 and B\u2010cell interactions. Surprisingly, these studies indicate that activated B cells restore T\u2010cell expansion and prevent Th2\u2010like polarization. However, ES\u201062\u2010treated double cell transfer mice demonstrate a more generalized immunosuppression with reduced levels of Th1 and \u20102 type cytokines and antibody subclasses. Collectively, these results suggest that whilst ES\u201062 can target B\u2013T\u2010cell co\u2010operation, this does not promote polarizing of T\u2010cell responses towards a Th2\u2010type phenotype.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2007.02706.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,27]],"date-time":"2007-10-27T05:15:45Z","timestamp":1193462145000},"page":"411-425","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Effect of activated antigen\u2010specific B cells on ES\u201062\u2010mediated modulation of effector function of heterologous antigen\u2010specific T cells <i>in vivo<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Fraser A.","family":"Marshall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine 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