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Their importance in various cells and disorders is becoming better understood, but their role in human tonsil\u2010derived T lymphocytes remains to be elucidated. In this study, we evaluated expression and functional relevance of NLRs and RLRs in human tonsillar CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T lymphocytes. Immunohistochemistry, real\u2010time RT\u2010PCR and flow cytometry revealed expression of NOD1, NOD2, NALP1, NALP3, NAIP, IPAF, RIG\u20101, MDA\u20105 and LGP\u20102 at mRNA and protein levels. Because of the limited number of ligands (iE\u2010DAP, MDP, Alum, Poly(I:C)\/LyoVec), functional evaluation was restricted to NOD1, NOD2, NALP3 and RIG\u20101\/MDA\u20105, respectively. Stimulation with the agonists alone was not enough to induce activation but upon triggering via CD3 and CD28, a profound induction of proliferation was seen in purified CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells. However, the proliferative response was not further enhanced by the cognate ligands. Nonetheless, in tonsillar mononuclear cells iE\u2010DAP, MDP and Poly(I:C)\/LyoVec were found to augment the CD3\/CD28\u2010induced proliferation of tonsillar mononuclear cells. Also, iE\u2010DAP and MDP were found to promote secretion of interleukins 2 and 10 as well as to up\u2010regulate CD69. This study demonstrates for the first time a broad range of NLRs and RLRs in human tonsillar T cells and that NOD1, NOD2 and RIG\u20101\/MDA\u20105 act synergistically with \u03b1CD3 and \u03b1CD28 to induce proliferation of human T cells. Hence, these results suggest that these receptors have a role in T\u2010cell activation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2011.03414.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,23]],"date-time":"2011-02-23T15:29:46Z","timestamp":1298474986000},"page":"84-93","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Nucleotide\u2010binding and oligomerization domain\u2010like receptors and retinoic acid inducible gene\u2010like receptors in human tonsillar T 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