{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T20:29:22Z","timestamp":1788121762696,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,4]],"date-time":"2012-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1333497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a heterogeneous population of lymphocytes that recognize antigens presented by CD1d and have attracted attention because of their potential role linking innate and adaptive immune responses. Peripheral NKT cells display a memory\u2010activated phenotype and can rapidly secrete large amounts of pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines upon antigenic activation. In this study, we evaluated NKT cells in the context of patients co\u2010infected with HIV\u20101 and <jats:italic>Mycobacterium leprae<\/jats:italic>. The volunteers were enrolled into four groups: 22 healthy controls, 23 HIV\u20101\u2010infected patients, 20 patients with leprosy and 17 patients with leprosy and HIV\u20101\u2010infection. Flow cytometry and ELISPOT assays were performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We demonstrated that patients co\u2010infected with HIV\u20101 and <jats:italic>M.<\/jats:italic>\u00a0<jats:italic>leprae<\/jats:italic> have significantly lower NKT cell frequencies [median 0.022%, interquartile range (IQR): 0.007\u20130.051] in the peripheral blood when compared with healthy subjects (median 0.077%, IQR: 0.032\u20130.405, <jats:italic>P\u2003<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u20030.01) or HIV\u20101 mono\u2010infected patients (median 0.072%, IQR: 0.030\u20130.160, <jats:italic>P\u2003<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u20030.05). Also, more NKT cells from co\u2010infected patients secreted interferon\u2010\u03b3 after stimulation with DimerX, when compared with leprosy mono\u2010infected patients (<jats:italic>P\u2003<\/jats:italic>=\u20030.05). These results suggest that NKT cells are decreased in frequency in HIV\u20101 and <jats:italic>M.\u00a0leprae<\/jats:italic> co\u2010infected patients compared with HIV\u20101 mono\u2010infected patients alone, but are at a more activated state. Innate immunity in human subjects is strongly influenced by their spectrum of chronic infections, and in HIV\u20101\u2010infected subjects, a concurrent mycobacterial infection probably hyper\u2010activates and lowers circulating NKT cell numbers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2012.03563.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,23]],"date-time":"2012-01-23T14:50:07Z","timestamp":1327330207000},"page":"96-102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Lower numbers of natural killer T cells in HIV\u20101 and <i>Mycobacterium leprae<\/i> co\u2010infected patients"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"Karina I.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda R.","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer E.","family":"Snyder\u2010Cappione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solange M.","family":"Maeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Tomimori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilia B.","family":"Xavier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick A.","family":"Haslett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas F.","family":"Nixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esper G.","family":"Kallas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.8.4020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.3.1490"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-01-066217"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(00)01735-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115742"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.6.3762"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.6.3154"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0818-9641.2004.01261.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.1.338"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2005.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70493-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0962-8479(93)90080-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)92760-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.5.1848-1854.1995","article-title":"Cellular immune response to Mycobacterium leprae infection in human immunodeficiency virus\u2010infected individuals","volume":"63","author":"Sampaio EP","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","article-title":"Study Group Chemotherapy of leprosy","author":"WHO","year":"1994","journal-title":"WHO Tech Rep Ser no 847"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","unstructured":"Recomenda\u00e7oes para terapia anti\u2010retroviral em adultos e adolescentes infectados pelo HIV 2007\/2008.2007."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","unstructured":"Sa\u00fade Md. 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