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As with other bacterial infections, there is considerable interest in characterizing the contribution of interleukin\u201017A (IL\u201017A) responses to protective immunity. We here show significant <jats:italic>il17a<\/jats:italic> up\u2010regulation by quantitative real\u2010time PCR in secondary lymphoid organs, correlating with increased protein levels in the serum within a short time of <jats:italic>S.\u00a0pyogenes<\/jats:italic> infection. However, our data offer an important caveat to studies of IL\u201017A responsiveness following antigen inoculation, because enhanced levels of IL\u201017A were also detected in the serum of sham\u2010infected mice, indicating that inoculation trauma alone can stimulate the production of this cytokine. This highlights the potency and speed of innate IL\u201017A immune responses after inoculation and the importance of proper and appropriate controls in comparative analysis of immune responses observed during microbial infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2012.03584.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,5]],"date-time":"2012-03-05T15:42:06Z","timestamp":1330962126000},"page":"325-333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The nature of innate and adaptive interleukin\u201017A responses in sham or bacterial inoculation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"Deborah L. 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