{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T22:28:47Z","timestamp":1789943327688,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,13]],"date-time":"2012-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1344816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int Endodontic J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate clinically the antibacterial effects of root canal treatment procedures using molecular microbiology analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title><jats:p>Samples were taken from 14 necrotic root canals of teeth with apical periodontitis before (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>1) and after instrumentation with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>a<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OC<\/jats:styled-content>l irrigation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>2), a final rinse with chlorhexidine (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHX<\/jats:styled-content>) (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>3) and then one\u2010week interappointment medication with calcium hydroxide\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHX<\/jats:styled-content> paste (S4). The parameters examined included the following: incidence of positive broad\u2010range <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> results for bacterial presence; impact on bacterial community structures evaluated by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DGGE<\/jats:styled-content>); quantitative bacterial reduction determined by real\u2010time <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content>; and identification of bacterial persisters by cloning and sequencing. Data from the different tests were subjected to statistical analyses and diversity indicator calculations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>All <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>1 samples were positive for bacteria in all tests. Treatment procedures promoted a decrease in microbial diversity and significantly reduced the incidence of positive results and the bacterial counts (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). In general, each subsequent treatment step improved disinfection. No specific taxon or community pattern was associated with post\u2010treatment samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Supplementary steps consisting of a final rinse with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHX<\/jats:styled-content> followed by calcium hydroxide interappointment medication promoted further decrease in the bacterial bioburden to levels significantly below those achieved by the chemomechanical procedures alone. Because the long\u2010term outcome of root canal treatment is dependent upon maximal bacterial reduction, the present results are of clinical relevance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2012.02111.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,10]],"date-time":"2012-07-10T07:45:35Z","timestamp":1341906335000},"page":"225-233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Clinical antimicrobial efficacy of <scp>N<\/scp>i<scp>T<\/scp>i rotary instrumentation with <scp>N<\/scp>a<scp>OC<\/scp>l irrigation, final rinse with chlorhexidine and interappointment medication: a molecular study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"S. S. M.","family":"Paiva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology Prof. Paulo de G\u00f3es Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"J. 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