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In Experiment 1, rats were dosed at six levels of CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> (0.06\u20130.36\u2003ml\/kg) twice weekly for 6\u2003weeks, followed by a 6\u2010week non\u2010dosing recovery period (week 12). Livers were removed for histology at 6 and 12\u2003weeks and serum parameters analysed. In Experiment 2, rats were given seven dose levels of CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> (0.4\u20131.0\u2003ml\/kg) twice weekly for 6\u2003weeks, followed by a 6\u2010week recovery period (week 12); urine samples were analysed at 3, 6, 9 and 12\u2003weeks using one\u2010dimensional sodium dodecyl sulphate\u2013polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS\u2013PAGE). Liver fibrosis was evident at 6\u2003weeks in Experiments 1 and 2, and the activity of serum enzymes (including alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase) was increased. Sodium dodecyl sulphate\u2013polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis (Experiment 2) revealed a protein band at 18.4\u2003kDa in urine from rats treated with CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>, not present in control urine, which was identified as copper\/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu\/Zn SOD). Western blotting revealed that SOD was increased in urine from rats treated with CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> at 3 and 6\u2003weeks, but not at 9 and 12\u2003weeks. We conclude that Cu\/Zn SOD is a urinary marker of hepatic necrosis, but not hepatic fibrosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2613.2007.00543.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,21]],"date-time":"2007-07-21T04:02:27Z","timestamp":1184990547000},"page":"361-376","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Comprehensive characterization of serum clinical chemistry parameters and the identification of urinary superoxide dismutase in a carbon tetrachloride\u2010induced model of hepatic fibrosis in the female Hanover Wistar rat"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Rosemary","family":"Smyth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Munday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malcolm J.","family":"York","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theo","family":"Dare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Turton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(99)00140-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(00)00183-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007082515548"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.33367"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(03)00236-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.46.4.443"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1996.v110.pm8608892"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1681.2000.03322.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(73)90845-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1522-2683(200209)23:18<3241::AID-ELPS3241>3.0.CO;2-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/002367791780808121"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(00)00367-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1993.1069"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006998028528"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(95)03177-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(96)00328-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199306243282508"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)00377-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)00429-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018813911469"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(00)00352-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(05)80304-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(94)80013-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","first-page":"241","article-title":"Urinary excretion of biomarkers of oxidative kidney damage induced by ferric nitrilotriacetate","volume":"43","author":"Hermanns R.C.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicol. 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