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However, few studies have evaluated the chronic effects of caffeine, which is the most abundant methylxanthine in coffee, on prostate morphology and physiology. In the present study, we investigated the effects of chronic, low\u2010dose caffeine intake on rat prostate morphology from puberty to adulthood. Five\u2010week\u2010old male Wistar rats were randomized into two experimental groups: caffeine\u2010treated (20\u00a0ppm in drinking water,<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a012) and control (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a012). The ventral and dorsolateral prostates were dissected, weighted and submitted to morphological, morphometrical and immunohistochemical analysis of cellular proliferation, apoptosis and androgen receptor (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AR<\/jats:styled-content>) tissue expression. The testosterone (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>) and dihydrotestosterone (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DHT<\/jats:styled-content>) concentrations were measured in the plasma. Our results show that caffeine intake increased the concentrations of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DHT<\/jats:styled-content>, organ weight, epithelial cell proliferation and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AR<\/jats:styled-content>tissue expression in the ventral prostatic lobe. All the ventral prostates from the caffeine\u2010treated animals presented various degrees of epithelial and stromal hyperplasia. Our results suggest that chronic caffeine intake from puberty increases androgenic signalling and cell proliferation in the rat prostate gland and can be related to the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2613.2012.00843.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,13]],"date-time":"2015-10-13T05:39:05Z","timestamp":1444714745000},"page":"429-437","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Chronic caffeine intake increases androgenic stimuli, epithelial cell proliferation and hyperplasia in rat ventral prostate"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Carolina","family":"Sarobo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Botucatu SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00edvia M.","family":"Lacorte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Botucatu SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcela","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Botucatu SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaqueline C.","family":"Rinaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Botucatu SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei","family":"Moroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Botucatu SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wellerson R.","family":"Scarano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Botucatu SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavia K.","family":"Delella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Botucatu SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9rgio L.","family":"Felisbino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Botucatu SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-002-0248-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-1145"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2006.03.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408390903586412"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(02)00029-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881109105401"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706812"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.1998.00752.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"240","article-title":"Quantitative determination of prostatic epihtleial and stromal hyperplasia by a new technique biomorphometrics","volume":"16","author":"DeKlerk D.P.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Invest. 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