{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T19:49:34Z","timestamp":1791316174531,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,21]],"date-time":"2006-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1145577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Advanced Nursing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Aim.\u2002<\/jats:bold> This paper reports a study to compare the differences in compression produced on a limb using a spiral and a figure\u2010of\u2010eight bandaging technique.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Background.\u2002<\/jats:bold> Chronic leg ulcers are a major health problem in Western countries. Compression bandaging is the accepted treatment for venous leg ulcers. The spiral and the figure\u2010of\u2010eight techniques are traditional methods of applying compression bandages. but their performance in terms of pressure profiles is unknown. Despite a lack of evidence about technique, class\u20103c compression bandages are not currently recommended for application in a figure\u2010of\u2010eight as this is thought to produce dangerously high pressure.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods.\u2002<\/jats:bold> A cross\u2010over experimental design was used with a sample of 26 nurse bandagers. Consistency of performance was tested. Bandage stretch and overlap were measured and analysed by standard deviation to ensure that the techniques were consistent and repeatable. Pressure probes were then applied to the medial, posterior and lateral aspects of the lower limb of a healthy volunteer. The class\u20103c compression bandage was applied using both techniques and the pressure profiles around the leg were measured under the bandage. The results of each technique were compared using independent sample <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2010tests. The data were collected in 1999.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results.\u2002<\/jats:bold> The figure\u2010of\u2010eight technique provided statistically significantly higher compression at lower areas of the leg than the spiral technique. Mean pressure difference was 20\u00b73\u2003mmHg at the ankle, 22\u00b72\u2003mmHg at the gaiter, 9\u00b74\u2003mmHg at the calf. The pressure differences decrease towards the knee with both techniques and decrease more steeply with the figure\u2010of\u2010eight technique.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion.\u2002<\/jats:bold> The spiral technique was a safe and comfortable method of bandage application. The figure\u2010of\u2010eight also provided graduated compression but with some high areas of pressure, notably overlying the Achilles tendon. However, before firm practice recommendations are made, replication of the study using a padding layer and a larger sample is needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2006.03816.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,21]],"date-time":"2006-04-21T08:52:40Z","timestamp":1145609560000},"page":"274-283","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Class\u20103c compression bandaging for venous ulcers: comparison of spiral and figure\u2010of\u2010eight techniques"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Alison","family":"Coull","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debbie","family":"Tolson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"McIntosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2987883"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"Research Methods in Health","author":"Bowling A.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"249","volume-title":"The Practice of Nursing Research","author":"Burns N.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic leg ulceration and severe chronic venous disease in Western countries","volume":"1","author":"Callam M.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phlebology Supplement"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Treatment of ulcers and varicose veins by Martin's strong elastic bandage","volume":"503","author":"Callender G.W.","year":"1878","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0965-206X(14)80085-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s005230050020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","first-page":"269","volume-title":"The Planning of Experiments","author":"Cox D.R.","year":"1958"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","first-page":"310","article-title":"Chronic Ulcers of the Leg: A Study of Prevalence in a Scottish Community","volume":"41","author":"Dale J.J.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Health Bulletin"},{"issue":"46","key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"How efficient is a compression bandage?","volume":"79","author":"Dale J.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nursing Times"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2003.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1177\/026835559801300206","article-title":"Venous leg ulcer healing: a randomized prospective study of long stretch versus short\u2010stretch compression bandages","volume":"13","author":"Danielsen L.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phlebology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000331979704800112"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/bjcn.2003.8.2.11091"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2000.9.Sup1.6353"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/bjcn.2002.7.3.10212"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","first-page":"137","volume-title":"Vascular Disease Nursing and Management","author":"Gebhardt K.S.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-4179(89)90180-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/026835503322381315"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800791015"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.1992.1.3.23","article-title":"A comparison of sub\u2010bandage pressures produced by experienced and inexperienced bandagers","volume":"1","author":"Logan R.A.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Wound Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","first-page":"160","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th European Conference on Advances in Wound Management","author":"Melhuish J.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","first-page":"272","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th European Conference on Advances in Wound Management","author":"Melhuish J.","year":"1996"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.1992.1.1.45","article-title":"Compression bandaging \u2013 the state of the art","volume":"1","author":"Moffat C.J.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Wound Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","volume-title":"Four\u2010Layer Bandaging: from Concept to Practice. 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