{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:35:26Z","timestamp":1791236126828,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,19]],"date-time":"2006-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1145404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Animal Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:list list-type=\"explicit-label\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Environmental heterogeneity can produce effects that cascade up to higher trophic levels and affect species interactions. We hypothesized that grazing\u2010dependent habitat heterogeneity and grazing\u2010independent host plant heterogeneity would influence directly and indirectly a host\u2013parasitoid interaction in a woodland habitat.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Thistles were planted randomly in 20 birch woodlands, half of which are grazed by cattle. The abundances of two species of seed herbivore and their shared parasitoid were measured, and related to habitat and host\u2010plant heterogeneity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The presence of cattle grazing created a structurally and compositionally distinct plant assemblage from the ungrazed seminatural situation. Grazing did not affect the number or dispersion of the host plant underpinning the host\u2013parasitoid interaction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The density of one insect herbivore, <jats:italic>Tephritis conura<\/jats:italic>, and its parasitoid <jats:italic>Pteromalus elevatus<\/jats:italic> was significantly increased by the presence of cattle; but another herbivore, <jats:italic>Xyphosia miliaria<\/jats:italic>, was unaffected. The percentage of parasitism of <jats:italic>T. conura<\/jats:italic> was increased in grazed habitat occurring at twice the rate found in ungrazed habitat.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The increase in <jats:italic>T. conura<\/jats:italic> abundance was correlated with increased species richness and cover of forbs in grazed sites. This effect of grazing\u2010dependent habitat variation on host insect density cascaded up to parasitoid density and percentage of parasitism. Habitat heterogeneity had a further direct, positive effect on parasitoid density and percentage of parasitism after controlling for host\u2010insect density.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Independent of grazing, heterogeneity in host\u2010plant flowering, architecture and stature further affected <jats:italic>T. conura<\/jats:italic> and its parasitoid's densities. Parasitoid density was also affected by the dispersion of the host plant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>A combination of habitat and host\u2010plant scale environmental heterogeneity influenced a host\u2013parasitoid interaction indirectly and directly, providing a rare example of an anthropogenic disturbance positively affecting a tertiary trophic level. This finding highlights the need to consider not only the importance of bottom\u2010up effects for top\u2010down processes, but also the role of environmental heterogeneity arising from anthropogenic disturbance for trophic interactions such as parasitism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2006.01099.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,20]],"date-time":"2006-04-20T11:02:23Z","timestamp":1145530943000},"page":"789-801","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Consequences for host\u2013parasitoid interactions of grazing\u2010dependent habitat heterogeneity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"A. J.","family":"VANBERGEN","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. S.","family":"HAILS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. 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