{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T20:50:41Z","timestamp":1792702241539,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,10]],"date-time":"2011-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1312934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Animal Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>1.<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2002Seasonality of rainfall can exert a strong influence on animal condition and on host\u2013parasite interactions. The body condition of ruminants fluctuates seasonally in response to changes in energy requirements, foraging patterns and resource availability, and seasonal variation in parasite infections may further alter ruminant body condition.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>2.<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2002This study disentangles the effects of rainfall and gastrointestinal parasite infections on springbok (\n                    <jats:italic>Antidorcas marsupialis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) body condition and determines how these factors vary among demographic groups.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>3.<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2002Using data from four\u2003years and three study areas, we investigated (i) the influence of rainfall variation, demographic factors and parasite interactions on parasite prevalence or infection intensity, (ii) whether parasitism or rainfall is a more important predictor of springbok body condition and (iii) how parasitism and condition vary among study areas along a rainfall gradient.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>4.<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2002We found that increased parasite intensity is associated with reduced body condition only for adult females. For all other demographic groups, body condition was significantly related to prior rainfall and not to parasitism. Rainfall lagged by two\u2003months had a positive effect on body condition.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>5.<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2002Adult females showed evidence of a \u2018periparturient rise\u2019 in parasite intensity and had higher parasite intensity and lower body condition than adult males after parturition and during early lactation. After juveniles were weaned, adult females had lower parasite intensity than adult males. Sex differences in parasitism and condition may be due to differences between adult females and males in the seasonal timing of reproductive effort and its effects on host immunity, as well as documented sex differences in vulnerability to predation.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>6.<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2002Our results highlight that parasites and the environment can synergistically affect host populations, but that these interactions might be masked by their interwoven relationships, their differential impacts on demographic groups, and the different time\u2010scales at which they operate.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2011.01892.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,10]],"date-time":"2011-08-10T14:15:25Z","timestamp":1312985725000},"page":"58-69","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Synergistic effects of seasonal rainfall, parasites and demography on fluctuations in springbok body condition"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Wendy C.","family":"Turner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilferd D.","family":"Versfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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