{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T23:36:32Z","timestamp":1776728192279,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,14]],"date-time":"2006-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1158192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Applied Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:list list-type=\"explicit-label\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Environmental risk assessment of contaminants is conventionally based on toxic effects assessed in organism\u2010level test systems. We suggest that, for the prediction of toxicant effects, population\u2010 and community\u2010level effects should be considered. The aim of this study was to investigate how predation could alter a prey population's response to a toxicant to reveal effects at population and community levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Populations of the brine shrimp <jats:italic>Artemia<\/jats:italic> sp. were maintained in the laboratory with and without simulated predation. Individuals were exposed for 1 h to the pyrethroid insecticide esfenvalerate (0, 0\u00b701, 0\u00b704 and 0\u00b708\u00a0\u00b5g L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) and subsequently observed for 6 weeks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Unpredated exposed populations showed a reduced population density compared with the control. However, even at the highest concentration of insecticide, populations were sustained until the end of the experiment. The lower density in the exposed populations led to reduced competition and subsequently to enhanced development of surviving individuals and an increased proportion of young individuals. In contrast, the combination of predation and short\u2010term toxicant exposure at concentrations of 0\u00b704 and 0\u00b708\u00a0\u00b5g L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> produced extinction of the populations after 39 and 32\u00a0days of exposure, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p> <jats:italic>Synthesis and applications.<\/jats:italic> The response of populations of brine shrimp to toxicants at the community level may be stronger when predation is present than the response of populations without predation pressure, as the regulation capacity of the population (measured as an increased production of offspring at reduced population densities) is exhausted when predation is present. Future ecotoxicological risk assessment schemes should consider relevant community characteristics such as predation as part of an environmental risk assessment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2006.01226.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,14]],"date-time":"2006-09-14T10:13:22Z","timestamp":1158228802000},"page":"1069-1074","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["The influence of predation on the chronic response of <i>Artemia<\/i> sp. populations to a toxicant"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"MIKHAIL A.","family":"BEKETOV","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"MATTHIAS","family":"LIESS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"Guidance. 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