{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,14]],"date-time":"2026-11-14T07:50:49Z","timestamp":1794642649474,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,11]],"date-time":"2005-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1113177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Clinical Nursing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Aim.\u2002<\/jats:bold> To explore the literature on breast self\u2010examination and breast awareness.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Objectives.\u2002<\/jats:bold> To clarify the confusion surrounding breast awareness and breast self\u2010examination. To critique the evidence for breast awareness as a health promotion tool.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Background.\u2002<\/jats:bold> Over 41\u2003000 women are diagnosed with breast cancer each year in the United Kingdom. Compared with other European countries, women in England have poor survival prospects, for breast cancer, due in part to advanced disease at first presentation. In the United Kingdom, women are encouraged to be breast aware from the age of 18. However, the evidence suggests that women do not engage in breast awareness and are frightened and confused about their role in breast health promotion.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methodology.\u2002<\/jats:bold> Four databases were used: Medline, Ebsco including CINAHL and Sociological Abstracts and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. The search terms \u2018breast awareness\u2019 and \u2018breast self\u2010examination\u2019 were used and combined with \u2018breast cancer\u2019, \u2018breast screening\u2019 and \u2018health promotion\u2019.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion.\u2002<\/jats:bold> The evidence on breast self\u2010examination is clear, there is no benefit to breast cancer mortality and results suggest that breast self\u2010examination may do more harm than good. Breast awareness provides women with some acknowledgement of the part they can play in being empowered to fight breast disease, not in terms of statistics used for mortality but on the qualitative effects of reductions in morbidity.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Relevance to clinical practice.\u2002<\/jats:bold> The Royal College of Nursing of The United Kingdom is actively encouraging all nurses to promote breast awareness along with clear guidelines for doing so. The United Kingdom National Health Service Cancer Plan: a plan for investment, a plan for reform, encourages preventive care, information giving, good communication as well as evidence\u2010based practice. In breast care this can reduce confusion for women and encourage empowerment in breast health promotion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2004.01108.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,11]],"date-time":"2005-04-11T19:17:00Z","timestamp":1113247020000},"page":"570-578","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Breast self\u2010examination and breast awareness: a literature review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Tracey","family":"McCready","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dot","family":"Littlewood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Jenkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.326.7379.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7748\/ns2000.04.14.30.34.c2811"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"1837","article-title":"Should women be routinely taught breast self examination to screen for breast cancer","volume":"164","author":"Baxter N","year":"2001","journal-title":"Canadian Medical Association Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13557859998056"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"44","article-title":"Asian women's attitudes to breast self examination","volume":"91","author":"Bhakta P","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nursing Times"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","first-page":"33","volume-title":"ABC of Breast Diseases","author":"Blamey RW","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327655jchn1502_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002820-199912000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Guidelines for promoting breast care awareness","volume":"91","author":"Burton M","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nursing Times"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","author":"Cancer Research UK","year":"2003","journal-title":"Briefsheet: Breast Cancer"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","unstructured":"Cancer Research UK(2004)Breast Cancer Factsheet. 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